Health Care System of UK and USA

Question: Recognizing the central matters of examination between the medicinal services frameworks in the UK and the nation you have picked? Answer: Correlation and differentiation among the social insurance arrangement of UK and USA: Presentation: Social insurance angles in the nations like United Kingdom and United States are a huge bit. Improvement in the field of social insurance all through the nation is a fundamental worry for the legislature of the countries. Medicinal services advancement isn't just essential for the advancement of the nation everywhere except it likewise forces future possibilities as to upgrades to the more significant level of try and accomplishments. Wellbeing segment primarily focuses upon the physical improvement and the illnesses from the social marvels are to be wiped out what exactly broaden it could be. Improvement in field of clinical science and medicinal services fortify the base of the nation as well as enables the group of people yet to come with respect to a fit and ground-breaking social wonders (Haugen, 2008). UK Healthcare System: The Health care frameworks all through the country of the United Kingdom is a redesigning substance from the time of when it comprises of England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland, which is incorporated their own frameworks of unmistakably financed human services without anyone else (Will and Moreira, 2010). Thus, a variety of difference stays alive amidst these frameworks, because of every territory having dissimilar to procedures and boss concerns (Chamberlain, 2009). In the time of 2014, the Commonwealth Finances Mirror, follow on the world clarification, which circumstance the pinnacle eleven first worldwide medicinal services frameworks, arranged the UK as first on the total taking initially put in the ensuing indexing: Superiority of care (that is composed, sheltered, persistent inclining sub-classes compelling,), openness to mindset, Effectiveness Impartiality. The arrangement of United Kingdom had found second only four years earlier in the report made in the time of 2010. 2011 was the time of aggregate consumption on human services was just about 7.8 % of the coarse matrimonial result of the United Kingdom, which were already 1.1 percent over the association for the financially practicable coordinated effort and spreading out norm and with suggestion to 1.4 percent on pinnacle of the normal of the European Union. The all out costs of GDP on the social insurance framework, all things considered with the privatization, in United Kingdom are 9 .4 percent, radically a slighter sum than proportionate money related framework like Canada (11.2 percent), France (11.6 percent), USA (17.7 percent), and Germany (11.3 percent) (Krishna Regmi, 2013). Figure 1: Region of United Kingdom Healthcare System Human services arrangement of USA: A ton of human services affiliations advance social and medicinal services for general society of the USA. Various privatized division foundations give an assortment of sorts of accommodations regarding the social insurance inside the region of the nation. As figures imply that, there are 58 percent of medical clinics that gives human services administrations to the individuals with no benefit. There are 21 percent of affiliations those are just claimed by the worry government (Ghana - Ministry of Health works together with Hocking College, USA, 2012). According to the dealings of World Health Organization, thus, United States burns through 8,608 dollars, per capita. Thusly, the legislative specialists of the United Kingdom give wellbeing confirmation to the workforce of shared division inside the ambit of the association. Accordingly, this country goes through a decent measure of cash for the medicinal services segment of the associations (USA - Patient security associations: constr ucting a more secure social insurance framework, 2010). Assessment Contrast: Despite anything with reality that these two states have set up the shades on sequential and advancing holding, yet at what time it is worry about the human services framework, these states are substantially dissimilar on medicinal services liberation and budgetary framework (Rankin-Box, 2002). All inclusive medicinal services along with a totally adequate state possessed human services framework was a goals of the administration of Britain. These frameworks, recognized as the National Health care System, acted accordingly by the masses of Britain with a moment essential for a consolation comparable to medicinal services openness at the time it set up the activity in the time of 1948. All inclusive medicinal services framework isn't open by the administration of the United State, the subtle wellbeing persistence, all in all with Medicare framework; controlled immensely of the anticipated movement in the method of the represented consideration development. The people all through the domain of the United Kingdom is permitted to make access to the National Healthcare System, social insurance comforts and given administrations that are supported by method of a general tax collection. Indeed, even in spite of the fact that medicinal services openness is given and monetarily helped by the administrative authority of the United Kingdom, it is the overall population in the method of tax collection, who essentially pay for the social insurance procedure of their own. The National Health care System course of action look for to strikingly include the patients and forerunner staff in its close by future, yet the guideline of the total National Health care System methodology in authenticity fills in as a movement of the legislative assemblages of the United Kingdom (Chamberlain, 2009). In the entrance by the United States with respect to the social insurance comforts and wellbeing administrations are for the most part paid for by an amalgamation of payers, businesses, and patient commitment, it might be in broad daylight or private. The United State with respect to the wellbeing framework relies on the reason and technique control of both open and private relationship to work as an inventive, free market. Despite the fact that pretty much 44 percent of the United State social insurance spending is plainly financed, in a general sense all financing started from private residential as finance deduction, expenses and commitments. The United States is basically begun upon its affirmation of benefits and opportunities to its overall population. Official illumination is estimated and recognized as an option to all people groups in the United States. Figure: Comparison End: From the conversation of this evaluation it very well may be summed up that social insurance framework is a significant issue worry for all the nations, particularly created nations like UK and USA it pulls in a decent amount of focus from the side of the administration of the worry nation. These two nations has created to an excellent reach out in the field clinical science just as in the social insurance perspectives. References Chamberlain, J. (2009).Doctoring clinical administration. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Chamberlain, J. (2009).Doctoring clinical administration. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Ghana - Ministry of Health works together with Hocking College, USA. (2012).International J Health Care QA, 25(8). Haugen, D. (2008).Health consideration. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/Gale. Krishna Regmi, S. (2013). Human services Commissioning: The UK Health Policy Reforms.Prim Health Care, 03(02). Rankin-Box, D. (2002). Problems in UK Health Care Dilemmas in UK Health Care.Nursing Standard, 16(39), pp.28-28. USA - Patient wellbeing associations: assembling a more secure medicinal services framework. (2010).International J Health Care QA, 23(2). Will, C. what's more, Moreira, T. (2010).Medical confirmations, social examinations. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate.

Safety management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security the board - Essay Example s frameworks, ground activities and adequacy of wellbeing process in an association is agreeable with OSHA guidelines, consistence review will be led. The review plan will incorporate fundamentals of good administration like arranging, therapeutic activities and records all things considered. Moreover, a crisis readiness framework will be created. This will support the business and workers to control developing issues like release of hurtful synthetic compounds during creation. In forestalling future mishaps and dangers in an association in consistence with OSHA, an analytical procedure of how prior mishaps happened in the establishment will be figured. This will empower workers to gain from such understanding and be mindful in to evade redundancy in future. Preparing association representatives on the insightful procedures will be a need. Since the world is dynamic, representatives should be refreshed on more current wellbeing the executives aptitudes. This preparation program will guarantee cautious administration of unsafe synthetic compounds and creation process in an association. Underscore on the point of such preparing to representatives and the association is significant. a) The utilization of proper strategies like wellbeing, brain research and instructive aptitudes and techniques by ensured security experts in evasion of harm to the general public, assets and the encompassing. b) Employs aptitudes logical, building and the board information in keeping the general public from ailments, destitution, absence of information and ecological risks and furthermore improving their wellbeing through innovations of medications that fix certain ailments. c) Chemical ventures, Hospitals, clinical research habitats, food enterprises, quality confirmation firms and ecological association and all associations and organizations that subject to conceivable unsafe happenings that undermines wellbeing. d) With equipped aptitudes and information, security experts have more promising time to come. As the innovation propels, so is the expansion in wellbeing calling to give

Oh look, an update

Oh look, an update I havent posted in a long time. This is largely because I have been swamped with work. This term is a crash course in time management. Ill have more real updates soon I actually have some planned but I figured that Id let you know what Im taking this term, since some of you might be interested. 9.07 (Statistical Methods) Its the probability and statistics class for course 9 (Brain Cognitive Sciences). Its, well, a statistics class, with a focus on neuroscience-related applications. All course 9 students have to take a probability and statistics class (either 9.07 or one of the others) for the major. Honestly, I hate the textbook more than just about any other textbook Ive had to use, but I like the material. Its relevant to what I want to do. 6.033 (Computer Systems Engineering) Most people who take this do so because theyre in a major for which its required. Also, because theyre computer geeks, and this is a class that plays to the strengths of computer geeks. Im in it for two major reasons. The first is that Im a systems geek. Not computer systems in particular, but systems in general. I study the brain, remember? Thats an interesting system, there. I like thinking about systems, and patterns. The second reason is that I dont have as much computer clue as Id like, and Id like to get more. The technical papers that we read are interesting, though I struggle with the jargon. Theyve covered, among other things, the design of X Windows, the structure of the UNIX time-sharing system, and the design of the Ethernet. 6.170 (Laboratory in Software Engineering) Death by Java. The computer language, not the coffee, though I guess if youre a coffee drinker and dont manage your time well it could be death by that form of Java too. It lives up to its reputation as a time sink. I like that so much of it is hands-on, and that the software were writing actually seems like a useful application rather than an exercise (problem sets 2-6 involve different aspects of building a software system that finds the shortest routes between points in Cambridge and Boston, kind of like Google Maps but local and with some different features). SP.776 (Design for Demining) This one is getting an entry of its own soon. Throughout the world, there are land mines left over from military conflicts, causing injury, death, and economic loss to civilians. Throughout the world, deminers are working to clear the land of mines so that people can inhabit it safely. We design products to make their job safer, more efficient, and more effective. Some products from past years are now in use throughout the humanitarian demining community. Good luck to those waiting for their college decisions!

Law Essays - Radioactive Waste Substances Act - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2247 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? Waste Substances Act The coursework problem: Under the (fictitious) Radioactive Waste Substances Act (the Act) no person is permitted to dispose of any radioactive waste except in accordance with an authorization granted bt the Minister for the Environment (the Minister) The Act provides that before granting an authorization under the Act the Minister shall consult such local authorities or other bodies as appear to him to be appropriate. The Minister also has power under the Act to cause a public inquiry to be held in relation to an application for an authorizationif he thinks . Pollution Solutions plc (the company) has made an application to the Minister for an authorization to permit the company to dispose of radioactive waste in a disuses mine in Cornwall. Local inhabitants have formed an action group to oppose the application, to be known as No radioactive Waste in Cornwall (NRWIC); they are also campaigning for a public inquiry to be held. The Minister has invited various bodies, both public and private, to submit their views on the application as part of the consultation process. He has, however, indicated to NRWIC that, in exercising his discretion under the Act, he does not consider it appropriate to consult them. Furthermore, since none of the bodies which the Minister has consulted has requested that a public enquiry be held, the Minister, again exercising his discretion under the Act, is not minded to cause one to be held. At a press conference, announcing his decision to grant the authorization to the Company, the Minister made it clear that he did not consider that self-appointed pressure groups, like NRWIC, should pay any part in the statutory decision making process; he also revealed that he would not, under any circumstances, waste time and money by holding a public inquiry. In desperation the Chairman of NRWIC has come to you for legal advice on whether a claim for judicial review should be made to persuade the court to reverse the Ministers decision to grant th e authorization What legal advice would you offer? This problem question raises two issues for NRWIC the first is the fact that they were not consulted in relation to the proposed dumping of nuclear radioactive waste at the sight of the disused mine and the second that no public enquiry was held. We will deal first with the failure to consult the public and in particular NRWIC. The first thing to consider is the impact that the failure to consult had of the persons who should have been consulted and on the public at large, in light of the purpose which would have been served by consultation. In other words the test is whether the failure to consult has substantially detracted from the purpose which would have been served by consultation. The duty to consult interested organisations is laid down in the Radioactive Waste Substance Act although it is determined as bodes that the minister considers appropriate, supposing for a minute that it can be said that the minister should have considered that NRWIC were appropriate we will look at the effect of this failure to consult. In decided cases on legality of failure to undertake such statutory consultation, the analysis suggested by the courts ha traditionally focused on the classification of such requirements either mandatory or directory. Breach of a mandatory requirement will render the decision or act in question invalid and breach of the directory requirement will not. There appears to be no determinative tests for deciding when the test should be classified mandatory and which directory other than the language used was imperative or permissible. Breach of a requirement seen as a mandatory has led to a finding that the relevant decision was invalid were as breach of a directory requirement as left the act or decision standing, although compliance may be secured by other means, or damages obtained. In general, as Emery and Smythe note where statute imposes on a public body a duty to consult persons l ikely to be affected by proposed action, the requirement will usually be treated as mandatory. The courts have found in many cases that the use of the words such as the minister may consult or the the minister shall consult those bodies that he considers to be appropriate did not give him open-ended discretion on the matter, certainty remained elusive. The more recent approach when dealing with impact of the failure to consult was identified by Lord Diplock in Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister of the Civil Service, it can denote both failure to observe express procedural requirements and a breach of the common law rules of natural justice. When dealing with the effects of failure to undertake statutory consultation, the courts have tended to classify such requirements as either mandatory or directory. Therefore the question is this: Has the failure to consult substantially detracted from the purpose served by consultation? Since dumping radioactive waste could have a hug e impact on the local community, it can safely be argued that that at least one of the purposes of the consultation requirement is to allow local people to have some imput into the decision to dump radio active waste in their local vicinity. If it can be shown that the NRWIC s genuinely representative of local people, in that its membership is local, and the court considers that it could have provided a useful source of input for the ministers, it may find that refusal to consult with it defeated the purpose of the consultation requirement. The interests of the local people are likely to be seen as particularly significant given that it is radioactive waste that will be dumped in the vicinity and this is more likely to impact the public at large than any one individual. The language of the statue will not greatly assist the NRWIC but, it is submitted, will probably not be decisive: the wording implies a mandatory requirement in using the word shall, however in addition a subjecti ve choice as to the bodies to be consulted seems to be imported by the words as it sees fit. In dealing with such discretionary choices, the courts have taken the view that the choice should be informed by notions of reasonableness and is not, therefore , purely subjective. For example in Secretary of State for Education and Sceience v Tameside, a minister was given statutory power to take certain action against a local authority if satisfied it was acting unreasonably. The court held that he could only take action if he had grounds on which he could properly be so satisfied. On balance therefore it is submitted that the NRWIC could reasonably hope for a finding that there were no good grounds for the refusal to consult and it could therefore mean that the radioactive waste cannot be dumped in the disused mine. On the second point that is the decision not to hold a public inquiry. It is clear that judicial review is the appropriate mode of challenge to such decisions: as the appl icants here will have no private law rights as against the government or indeed not any that could be vindicated in an ordinary civil action; moreover, r 54.2 of the CPR has now clarified that judicial review must be used where the applicant is seeking either a quashing order or mandatory order, which of course will be the remedy sought by NRWIC as they will require a mandatory order to enforce the issue of holding a public enquiry. Under r 54.4 of the CPR applications must initially seek the courts permission to apply for judicial review; this must be done promptly, and in any event not later than three months after the grounds to make the claim arose It will be assumed that the potential claimant here is within this time limit. NRWIC must show that they have a sufficient interest in the matter to which the application relations. NRWIC will be seeking an mandatory order to compel a public inquiry to be held. The standing required for this remedy was equated in the case of IRC ex parte National Federation of Self-Employed. In this case the House of Lords held that the National Federation did not have sufficient interest to challenge the legality of the IRC decision to grant amnesty to casual labourers over previous tax avoidance. The fact that it had not personal interest in the IRC decision was decisive. However Lord Wilberforce seems to have been much influenced in his judgement b the fact that the affairs of an individual tax payer are strictly confidential; he considered that individuals would breach that principle of confidentiality. In the instance case this is not the case as there will be no breach of confidentiality and it may be therefore that the case of National Federation is not of strict application here. It can be further argued that the dumping of toxic waste is a matter for public concern and scrutiny. One difficulty here is the decision in Rose Theatre Trust Co in which it was held that the pressure groups whose only interest in a decis ion is concern about the issues involved will not in general have locus standi to challenge the decision. However, since the Rose Theatre decision, the courts have begun to take a more flexible and accommodating approach to the question of standing when a sufficiently important issues is raised by the application, such that the case is now generally regarded as being out of line with the general thrust of judicial policy. Thus, in Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ex perte Rees-Mogg, it was found that the applicant had standing because of his sincere concern for constitutional issue. In Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ex parte the World Development Movement the world development movement were granted locus standi on the basis of a number of factors, including the importance of the issue raised the possibly illegal use of the governments overseas aid budget), the absence of any other challenger and the prominence and expertise of the applicant pressure group in relation to the issues raised by the case. In other cases, the courts have stressed the importance of pressure groups representing people living in the area affected by the contested decision. Thus, in Inspectorate of Pollution ex parte Greenpeace, the judge stressed the fact that 2,500 supporters of Greenpeace lived in the local area, the health of whom might be affected by emissions from a nuclear plant; the court therefore found that members of the group had a personal interest in a matter of substantial concern public health. This would certainly be based on very similar facts to the present situation and it is submitted that on this basis NWRIC will have locus standi and in support of this is the case of Secretary of State for the Environment ex parte Friends of the Earth, in which Friends of the Earth and its director were granted leave to challenge a decision relating to the quality of drinking water in certain specified area, the fact that the director lived in on e of those areas and hence had a personal local interest in the matter was stressed as significant. The expertise of the respective pressure groups as a factor in their favour was also emphasised in both cases. Thus, in cases involving decisions with a particular impact on one region or area of the county, the courts seem to stress the importance of pressure groups having a genuine interest in that area, via their membership. The pure public interest approach appears so far as to have been saved for cases where the decisions were of general national importance with no local interest. Applying these criteria to NWRIC, it would seem that there claim for standing is fairly strong as there challenge is mainly one of local interest, so the pure public interest approach is not really applicable the courts will therefore enquire whether the chairman and other members of the group have a local interest in the area. Furthermore the pressure group have expertise in the area of governmen t waste and this would count in their favour. In conclusion it would seem that NWRIC and its chairman will be in a suitable position to challenge both the failure to consult and the decision not to hold a public enquiry and it is likely that they will succeed on both basis. Bibliography Cases Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister of the Civil Service [1984] 3 ALL ER 935 IRC ex parte National Federation of Self-Employed [1982] AC 617 Inspectorate of Pollution ex parte Greenpeace [1994] 4 ALL ER 329 Lambeth London Borough Council ex p Sharp (1986) 55 P CR 232 O Reily v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237 Secretary of State for Education and Sceience v Tameside [1977] AC 1014 Secretary of State for the Environment ex parte Friends of the Earth [1994] 2 CMLR 760 Secretary of State for the Environment ex parte Rose Theatre Trust Co [1990] 1 ALL ER 754 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ex parte the World Development Movement [1995] 1 ALL ER 611 Secret ary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ex parte Rees-Mogg [1994] 1 ALL ER 457 Legislation Civil Procedure Rules 1988 Supreme Court Act 1981 Books Allen, M. and B. Thompson (2002) Cases and Materials on constitutional and Administrative Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, seventh edition Barnet, H (2005) Constitutional and Administrative Law London: Cavendish, 2002 Fifth edition Craig, P.P. (2003), Administrative Law. London: Sweet Maxwell, fifth edition Fordham, Michael (2001), Judicial Review Handbook Oxford: Hart third edition Loveland, I (2003) Constitutional Law, Administrative Law and Human Rights London: Butterworths third edition Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Law Essays Radioactive Waste Substances Act" essay for you Create order

A Theory That Individuals Can Live With Better Health

Matuska Christiansen (2008) proposed a theory that individuals can live with better health, less stress, more satisfaction, and have a balanced lifestyle through particular lifestyle configurations. Ultimately, the lifestyle balance is what can lead to a better quality of life with higher satisfaction and health because it contains compatibility of actual and desired occupation patterns based on an individual’s environment. The model recognizes that people have different physical, social, and cultural needs and that they can vary over time. The balance is the result of the extent people engage in these different essentials consistently (Matuska Christiansen, 2008). The model offers variability of satisfying the people’s needs by†¦show more content†¦However, there also came satisfaction of being able to play with my friends and make a good harmony. Matuska Christiansen’s lifestyle balance theory focused on five important lifestyle patterns. Out of the five, the three dimensions of lifestyle balance that I chose from the article are: (2) rewarding and self-affirming relationships with others, (3) feel interested, engaged, challenged, and competent, and (5) organize time and energy to meet personal goals and renewal. Rewarding and Self-Affirming Relationships with Others Matuska Christiansen (2008) state that there are many positive relationships between social support and psychological and physiological factors. Social support seems to buffer stress and reduce risks of chronological diseases and mental health disorders. Matuska Christiansen (2008) clearly mentions that the lifestyle balance theory does not focus on healthy relationships between giving and receiving support. However, it focuses on the mere fact that satisfaction results from choosing this occupation and social support. In my occupational experience, I could have chosen to play guitar by myself at home. However, I chose to join a praise team at a church and practice together. The band members brought enthusiasm and encouragement for me to continue. Although playing together was a different experience and it was frustrating, I still felt satisfaction and enjoyment because I was in a corporate atmosphere. As I wrote in my reflecti on

New Economic Model of Malaysia Free Essays

New Economic Model (NEM) unveiled with much fanfare. It has been accompanied by the usual uncritical write-ups and praise from economic analysts from the mainstream mass media. Maybe they see in it more than what can be discern or maybe can be an incorrigible skeptic with less faith in grand visions, especially those put out by a group of consultants. We will write a custom essay sample on New Economic Model of Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now The National Economic Advisory Council (NEAC) as its name suggests is purely an advisory body with very little – if any – authority or clout in implementation.The theories behind New Economic Model (NEM), firstly though, let’s begin by noting that with the tone of urgency struck by the council in the document. This is a much needed departure from economic documents of the government which have been overly optimistic on the country’s economic future. The preface to the NEM notes that â€Å"the time for change is now – Malaysia deserves no less†. Nobody will disagree with this. In fact, in some ways, the Government and NEM may be too late in seeking solutions on many key challenges.The time for change should have been at least 20 years earlier. By consider for example Strategic Reform Initiative 2 on the developing a quality workforce and reducing dependency on foreign labour. According to the NEM, â€Å"policies will focus on generating a talented workforce to meet the needs of a high-value knowledge economy while wage-restraining labour market distortions, such as excessive and indiscriminate use of foreign labour, will be removed. Although over-dependence on foreign labour has been identified as a major constraint to the economy for many years, yet the number of foreign workers in the country – especially if the number of illegals is included – has grown practically every year during the past 30 years. How to put a stop to this is easier said than done. Another major shortcoming is that many of the so-called bold new strategic policy directions are not new. A quick review of government economic documents shows that these new policy directions have been regurgitated or recycled from earlier Malaysia Plans. Thus the eight strategic Reform Initiatives (SRIs) that will anchor the NEAC’s recommendations is appears to be old wine in new bottle. If one examines the five major thrusts of the 9th Malaysia Plan they seem no different from the eight SRIs of the NEP. If we go even earlier to the Eighth Malaysia Plan, we see the same recommendations under slightly different labeling. Instead of the eight SRI for the NEM and five key thrusts for the 9th Malaysia Plan, we have the nine strategic goals of the 8th Malaysia Plan.More serious concerns about the NEM relate to the following: †¢ It assumes that the country’s GDP will grow at least over 6 percent annually for the next 10 years. This growth rate assumes that the global economy with which we are tied up will continue to grow every year without fail. As the recent global financial downturn has demonstrated, there is no guarantee that the global economy on which our exports are dependent will continue on a straight line growth path. Should there be a slowdown in the global economy, the NEAC’s scenario for the country’s per capita GNP to reach the magi cal number of USD17, 000 in 2020 will be unattainable. It appears to assume that petroleum and to a lesser extent gas revenues will continue to be the cash cow driving the Malaysian economy. Are these revenues sustainable over the next 10 years? Government reports have been silent on this key question and the NEM report similarly has no data relating to this critical factor. Currently, oil and gas revenue accounts for more than 40 percent of government revenue. As oil production slows down and energy demand continues on an upward spiral, how much oil is there in the tank to fuel present and future growth?There is just one line in the NEM report on the impact of diminishing oil production. Perhaps the next part of the NEM will have more to say about this issue. †¢ Although one of the eight SRIs relates to public sector reform and â€Å"a lean, consultative and delivery focused government†, a glaring omission is any discussion and analysis on how to arrive at this lean civil service. We already have 1. 2 million civil servants in a population of 26 million or approximately one civil servant for every 20 Malaysians. This is not affordable or sustainable.Japan, for example, has a ratio of one civil servant for every 155 of its population. If the Japanese ratio was to be applied to Malaysia, we will need to reduce our civil service by one million employees! Clearly this size of cutback is not politically feasible. However, what is taking place in Greece now – a meltdown of the country’s financial standing – in large part due to corruption, mismanagement of the country’s public debt, and a bloated civil service that has been the playground of patronage politics could very well happen in Malaysia where the same factors responsible for Greece’s financial meltdown are at work.Let’s see if the next NEM report will be able to provide a clear action plan on the cuts to the civil service and other structural changes needed for a lean and mean civil s ervice before we pronounce it a realistic and achievable economic framework for the country. Finally, there is a major unresolved contradiction in the basic thrust aimed at removal of subsidies and the thrust focusing on lifting the bottom 40% of households and reducing income disparity. The NEM categorically states that â€Å"the pricing of essential goods and services in Malaysia does not reflect market prices †¦. [and] the large government outlay on subsidies – is not sustainable†. Hence we can expect pricing reforms soon affecting basic commodities and services. But what will be the impact on the living standards of the poor and lower middle class when subsidies are removed? There is mention of a â€Å"Transformation Fund† to ease the pain during the reform period and of a wider safety net for the bottom 40% households prior to subsidy removal.Even if these are put in place without distortions and leakages, the impact of market pricing of essential goods and services will be to widen income inequality. And where is money for this enlarged safety net to come from when the target is to reduce the fiscal deficit in the federal government (7. 4% of GDP in 2009) to a near balance within the next 10 years? This is probably the Achilles heel of the NEM. As stated, the NEM is 20 years too late so that we are now truly caught between a rock and a hard place. How to cite New Economic Model of Malaysia, Papers

What is the Effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing on Post-Traumatic Stress free essay sample

What is the Effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Female Survivors of Sexual Assault?Living through a situation in which you feel your life or someone elses is in danger can be traumatic, given you might not have power over the situation and therefore, feel terrified. Experiencing such traumatic events can lead to developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research has shown that going through traumatic events is not uncommon, for instance, at least half of Americans have had a traumatic event in their lives. From those who have had trauma, about 2 in 10 women will develop PTSD (National Center for PTSD, 2008). Going through specific traumatic events such as combat and sexual assault is more common to lead to PTSD, but it is important to note that there is no way of knowing who will develop PTSD. When studying PTSD, it is important to look at the four symptoms that people tend to illustrate such as, constantly reliving the event, avoiding things that remind them of the event, having more negative thoughts than before, and feeling on the edge. Additionally, some may begin engaging in unhealthy ways by either smoking, abusing drugs and alcohol (Korn, 2009).Given that the symptoms of PTSD can be very upsetting and disrupt someones life, it is very important for individuals to seek treatment. There are different treatment options for people with PTSD such as, medications and trauma-focused psychotherapies. When it comes to selecting treatment, exposure therapy is often supported as a treatment of choice for PTSD. Exposure treatment tends to require an extensive number of hours from the client, for instance, 15- 85 hours and up to 24 hours of homework. Controlled studies have illustrated a 60% decrease of PTSD when using exposure therapy (Rothbaum, Astin, Marsteller, 2005). In comparison, studies have illustrated that when using eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), there has been an elimination of PTSD in 77-90% of the participants. In addition, studies have illustrated a significant decrease in a wide range of symptoms after two or three active treatment sessions and without homework. EMDR is known to help the client focus on specific sounds or movements while talking about the trauma, which helps the brain work through the traumatic events. Another form of therapy is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which consists of one to two hours of daily homework, as opposed to EMDR which is implemented without homework. This factor has proven to favor EMDR as it makes the overall time significantly less and easier for many clients (Rothbaum et al. , 2005).The purpose of this research is to increase the knowledge of EMDR as an intervention for PTSD. It is the intent of this study to assess the effects EMDR when treating female survivors of sexual assault. The research question of this study is: What is the effect of EMDR on PTSD among female survivors of sexual assault? The hypothesis of this study is that individuals diagnosed with PTSD who select EMDR as their treatment therapy will show a decrease in the symptoms caused by PTSD. Additionally, such improvements are to continue even after the therapy has terminated. If EMDR proves to be a more effective and long-term treatment for PTSD, then the results of this study will benefit mental health professionals working with female survivors of sexual assault. In non-profit organizations as well as county-based programs in which therapists have a high caseload and are often time are overworked, using such intervention that not only shows to be more effective, but also requires fewe r sessions while achieving similar results in comparison to other interventions that demand a substantial number of hours, will be more time effective not only for the therapist but for the client as well. Literature ReviewConceptual Framework: Information Processing TheoryAdaptive information processing (AIP) model was developed by Francine Shaprio with the intention to explain and predict the treatment effects seen with EMDR (Solomon, 2008). It is based on a theoretical information processing model, which suggests that symptoms result from events that are ineffectively processed and may be eliminated when the memories are fully processed and incorporated (Maxfield, 2007). The AIP model is known to integrate new experiences into already existing memory networks. These memory networks are the foundation of insight, attitudes, and behavior. When someone undergoes a new experience it is automatically connected with associated memory networks (Solomon, 2008). For example, when performing new tasks in a job, one might be able to complete the task accurately because of the previous experiences one has encountered at the job. However, when someone undergoes a traumatic event, information pro cessing may be inadequate given that the negative feelings that one experiences, affect information processing as it stops the individual from making relations with more adaptive information that is retained in other memory networks. This is a problem as such experiences are inadequately processed. For example, someone who has been sexually abused may be aware that their rapist committed a criminal act, yet this information might not connect with their feeling that he/she is not the one to blame. This memory is then inadequately stored without appropriate associated connections and with many elements still unprocessed. This causes the survivor to feel like they are reliving the trauma whenever they think about it or when the memory is triggered by similar situations. This can also cause them to experience strong emotions, emotional disturbance, think negatively about self, and PTSD (Solomon, 2008).Shapiro believed that EMDR could decrease such symptoms by treating the factors that contribute to the disturbing memories. This would be done thorough the AIP model given that information processing is assumed to occur when the affected memory is connected with other more adaptive information. Furthermore, learning then occurs, and the experience is grouped with appropriate emotions, able to properly direct the person in the future (Solomon, 2008). AIP model and EMDR will generate successful results for individuals with PTSD as EMDR uses a structured eight-phase approach and addresses the past, present, and future outcomes of the distressed stored memories. Moreover, the processing phases of EMDR influence the clients focus of attention through the appropriate memory associated with the aimed clinical matter (Maxfield, 2007).PTSD and Female Survivors of Sexual AssaultPTSD is a common condition as illustrated by a survey conducted by the National Co-morbidity in which results found that 7.8% of 5,877 American adults had suffered from PTSD at some point in their lives (Bisson, 2007). When analyzing specific traumas, sexual assault amongst women led to a lifetime prevalence of 50% for PTSD (Wilson, 2006). Nearly 12 million American women have a lifetime history of PTSD becau se of rape, therefore making rape victims the largest number of PTSD victims in the United States. Moreover, sexual assault is the most common cause of PTSD in women (Rothbaum et al., 2005). When an individual experience any sexual contact without voluntary consent and that violates their control over their body they are prone to experience PTSD (Wilson, 2006). Some of the symptoms they might experience given their condition consist of, nightmares, frequent distressing thoughts of the event, avoidance and numbing by not wanting to talk about the event and avoiding people and/or places that remind them of the traumatic event (Bisson, 2007). One study found that 94% of women experienced PTSD symptoms during the first two weeks of their assault (Wilson, 2006). When treating the survivor for PTSD, not only is it important to help decrease the symptoms or get them to forget about the traumatic event, but rather help them increase their interest by attaining the necessary skills to regain control over their life, overcome the guilt, shame or any other negative perceptions as well as im prove their overall functioning. When one experiences sexual assault the consequences of such traumatic event may be displayed biologically, psychologically, and sociologically (Wilson, 2006). After experiencing the sexual assault, survivors experience The Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) which is categorized by three phases (Wilson, 2006). The first phase is the Acute Phase, this occurs instantly following the assault. In this phase, the survivor is in crisis and goes through a range of emotional reactions such as, shaking, crying, yelling or have a flattened effect. In the second phase known as Outwards Adjustment, the survivor loses focus on the assault and rather experience denial and pretend as if nothing happened. The final phase is Long term Reorganization, in which the survivor might experience psychological effects such as feelings of shame, guilt, anxiety or depression. If the survivor does not receive the appropriate support and treatment and believe that others have failed to react in a positive manner, there is a greater risk of PTSD. A problem that arises with individuals who have been sexually assaulted is the fact that less than half disclose the assault and ther efore do not receive the support required. This is an important factor given that research illustrates support as an important factor to recovery. Furthermore, survivors who do disclose their assault can also experience secondary victimization given that some physicians, medical staff, law enforcement, and/or family and friends can exhibit and use victim-blaming behaviors, and therefore increase survivors psychological and physical distress. In addition to experiencing such traumatic event, women are also exposed to further trauma given that they are required to undergo a forensic rape exam when seeking medical assistance (Wilson, 2006). In addition, given the medical conditions that can arise from physical injuries following a sexual assault, this can also be major risk factor for persistent PTSD symptoms. Moreover, such traumatic event can not only lead to PTSD but also to other mental health and medical disorders.EMDR, PTSD, and Female Survivors of Sexual AssaultThe trauma caused by sexual assault is very traumatic theref ore, the symptoms that follow such traumatic event can be devastating and affect ones everyday life. Statistics show that within the United States, one of every five women (18. 3%) has been raped in their lifetime, which equals to nearly 22 million women (Edmond, Lawrence, ; Schrag, 2016). Apart from experiencing PTSD, survivors of sexual assault can also have experience other significant mental health consequences such as substance abuse and depression. Therefore, it is imperative to seek support and treatment to help establish effective coping skills and through this decrease the negative symptoms. Given the need to treat the symptoms of PTSD there has been a number of effective therapeutic treatments developed to treat this condition. Even though, studies have illustrated that treatments such as CBT and prolonged exposure (PE) are effective as they have illustrated a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms, EMDR has shown to be not only as effective but also provide faster and cost-effective results. For instance, in a pilot study in which it compared the effectiveness of PE and EMDR among rape victims, results illustrated that successful treatment was fa ster with EMDR as a large number of people, seven of ten, had a 70% reduction in PTSD symptoms after three active sessions compared to two of 12 with PE. Furthermore, five studies have been conducted to compare EMDR to different treatments, and results illustrated that in four of the five the studies, EMDR was superior to other type of individual treatments, group therapy and/or medication (Ironson, Freund, Strauss, ; Williams, 2002). EMDR follows a procedure in which the therapist helps the client process the memories related to the abuse, sensory experiences, affects and perceptions through an imaginal exposure technique. This is done by following an approach that addresses the cause of traumatic memories, the symptoms, and the inaccurate perceptions that develop following traumatic experiences (Ringel, 2014). In this treatment technique, the survivor is asked to imagine a scene that represents the worst part of the trauma as this will help them concentrate on the feelings of distress in their body and through this practice the negative thoughts that match that picture. The survivor is then asked to follow the therapists fingers moving back and forth for approximately 20 times each repetition. The survivor is asked to rate the level of discomfort using a 0 to 10 scale, once the level of distress reaches a level of 0 or 1, she is asked to track the therapists finger using a new image (Rothbaum et al., 2005). By d oing this, the therapist is able to assist the survivor in identifying her target image and through this link her consciousness with the memory stored in her neural memory. The therapist is then able to ask the survivor to identify any negative perceptions associated with the identified target image as it is important for the therapist to be aware how the survivor feels about self. Once the negative belief is identified, the survivor is able to identify a desired and realistic achievable positive cognition about self. The number of sets that the psychotherapist performs during the session depends on the client and their level of tolerance and how comfortable they feel as well as the level of the trauma, but in most cases, this consists of three to four sessions (Posmontier, Dovydaitis, ; Lipman, 2010).Gaps in Current ResearchEven though, EMDR has been ranked in the highest category of effectiveness and research support in the PTSD practice guidelines of both the American Psychiatric Association and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense, critiques argue that EMDR has not been used long enough to draw long-term conclusions about i ts effectiveness, therefore have found limitations (Maxfield, 2007). A study conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of EMDR among female survivors of childhood sexual abuse, did in fact demonstrate effectiveness, however noted the need for more definite evidence as to the immediate and log-term benefits of EMDR. Furthermore, it found the need for larger sample sizes, longer-term treatment with more than six sessions of EMDR before post-testing as well as ethical ways to decrease participants use of consequent treatment between post-testing and follow-ups (Edmond ; Rubin, 2004). Moreover, multiple studies have been performed to help illustrate whether EMDR is more effective than other treatments such as PE or CBT, however such studies have failed to demonstrate this as the differences between EMDR and other effective exposure treatments are minimal. Therefore, researchers have suggested the need for carefully designed, executed, and analyzed research that pays attention to issues of effect size, power, measurement, and reproducibility as well as issues of clinical significance (Davidson ; Parker, 2001, p.313). Hence, future studies should attempt to establish whether EMDR is more effective than exposure therapies. For future research, it would be beneficial to further investigate how effecti ve is EMDR with disorders other than PTSD as the evidence supporting the effectiveness of EMDR is much less convincing when focusing on anxiety, phobias, panic disorders, and depression. By doing so, this would help EMDR be a stronger treatment. In addition, in a study conducted in a rape crisis center, reports showed that there is a lack of knowledge on EMDR and how it works, therefore it would be beneficial for counselors to increase their knowledge on EMDR therapy as this would increase the likelihood of using it effectively and consequently, increase effectiveness on future studies (Edmund et al., 2016).ReferencesUnderstanding PTSD and PTSD treatment. (2018). National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/understanding_ptsd/booklet.pdf