The Great Gatsby As A Tragedy Essay - 902 Words

The Great Gatsby As A Tragedy A hurried read of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby can generate a tragic impression. The deaths of three of the main characters and the failure of Gatsby and Daisys romance can be viewed as tragic. However, a deeper analysis of the book reveals a much deeper tragedy. The relentless struggles of Gatsby himself parallel Fitzgeralds apparent ideas of the struggles of all Americans. The American dream romanticized by the majority of the population is really unattainable because it is, in fact, nonexistent. Every character has an unfortunate role and could be called a tragic character. However, the main tragedy is that of the title character. Gatsby experiences nothing but tragedy in his†¦show more content†¦Gatsbys final tragedy is his death. Gatsby made a great effort to achieve his dreams, but in the end his efforts were futile. Fitzgerald was obviously appalled at the general state of society in the 1920s. He appears to have been particularly saddened by the decayed social and moral values of the well-established American aristocracies. The old wealth seen on East Egg and the people attending Gatsbys parties signify the careless materialism of the time. Tom and Daisy are prime examples of this. They outrage Nick and by the end of the novel he decides that they are careless peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money (187). As seen through the disappointed eyes in Dr. Eckleburgs glasses on the billboard at the Valley of the Ashes, the world itself was in a tragic state. The distinct social classes are what kept Gatsby and Daisy apart. In the beginning, it was his lack of money that made them unable to be together. After they are reunited, it is the great division of the old and new wealth that keeps them apart. Gatsby could never be accepted into Daisys social class because on East Egg he could not have self-made wealth. The novel ends with Gatsbys death and subsequent funeral. These are representative of the final death of the American dream. Gatsbys life work had turned out to be for nothing. Although he has many acquaintances and doesnt want any trouble with anybody (48), he has noShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby And America s Tragedy1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Gatsby and America’s Tragedy The 1920’s resemble an epoch of the most significant economic prosperity that the Western world has ever seen. The Roaring Twenties, or the Jazz Age, was a period of immense change for all people after The Great War. Women could vote, cars and telephones were immensely popular, jazz music peaked, and airplanes became widely used, all things never before witnessed in world history. In the heat of this era, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby emerged, highlightingRead MoreTragedy: Shakespeares Hamlet and Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1007 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare and the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the objective is to divulge the quintessence of humanity. Although the protagonists in both works of literature have drastically different journeys that lead to climactic endings, the use of plot is to demonstrate that the essence of mankind is ultimately a tragedy if great care is not taken. Both Hamlet and Jay Gatsby are unable to focus on the reality of the situation, and rather waste valuable timeRead MoreThe Foreshadowing of Tragedy in the First Five Chapters of The Great Gatsby798 Words   |  4 PagesHow does Fitzgerald foreshadow tragedy in the first five chapters of THE GREAT GEÀTSBY? A reader who is skimming through the novel „The Great Gatsbyâ€Å" by F. Scott Fitzgerald might consider a happy ending by the end of the fifth chapter, however at a slightly more detailed look there are clear signs that indicate that a tragic and miserable ending is the only possible one. This essay will be looking at how Fitzgerald foreshadows tragedy, and how he presents tragedy in the lives of the novel’s charactersRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald895 Words   |  4 PagesZoe felt the Jetranger slow and then come into a hover position. It slowly rotated until the nose was aligned with the major axis of the island. From the right-hand side of the helicopter, in the aftermath of the driving wave, Zoe watched a ferry and several assorted boats capsize. Passengers floundered in the water none in life jackets. The lucky ones found debris to cling to, while a few hardy souls swam strongly, divesting themselves of excess clothing in an attemp t to survive. The wave overwhelmedRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe high priestess was nowhere to be seen. The once noble and beautiful woman, someone he had denied help and compassion, consigned herself to darkness for nearly three years now; insanity and hate etched in her mind and heart. Merlin felt partly responsible for her cruel deal of fate. But still, he couldn t ignore her choice to walk this path either. Could it all have been different if he hadn t denied her? Hadn t listened so ardently to the advice of an admittedly older and wiser creature thanRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1081 Words   |  5 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sybil Isabel Dorsett, a shy, twenty-two-year-old substitute teacher, became an interesting case, when the Sybil came into a mental health facility complaining of severe memory loss that resulted in unknown store bought items, â€Å"waking up,† in strange place, and severe social anxiety that again resulted in a loss of time, and memory, blackouts, and emotional breakdowns, in public places. What was first thought to be hysteria, turned into another problem, after experiencing some of the patientsRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe couples were spinning in their lavish dance illuminated by the soft glow of the strung lanterns during the unknown last quiet moments of peace before everything was thrown into chaos. Thunder-like crashes and the scream of an antagonized soul filled the still moments from mere seconds before. 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Does that mean you’ll pose, too?† Merlin chuckled. â€Å"Erm, no. I’m too gangly for the calendar. They’re looking for men like you, solid and fit. Gwaine and Percival agreed to pose.† â€Å"Great,† Arthur drawled, picturing his friend Percival’s perfect body, looking like it was sculpted from pure marble, posing for the cameras, while Arthur shuffled in, not even half as toned. Then he thought of the awful word â€Å"euthanasia† again and remainedRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Movie The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesI sat across the booth from Luke. I looked at him with a pessimistic glare, judging him for the old, tattered sweatshirt he wore on our date to what used to be our most beloved diner. Every disinterested move he made towards me felt like a dagger to the chest; each comment or shrug he gave proved again and again that he had given up on our relationship a long time ago. The fire was gone—he felt nothing. And for some reason, there were six words that came back to mind and my mouth again and again:

Water Pollution Free Essays

Water is a very important part of our lives. We use it for nearly everything – drinking, food preparation, laundry, dishes, hygiene, etc. We swim in it, boat in it, and play in it. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, 70% of our world is covered in water. However, 97% of that water is saltwater and we are unable to drink it, leaving only three percent of the planet’s water drinkable. But two percent of the world’s freshwater is frozen in glaciers and ice caps. Only one percent of this freshwater can be used and consumed. Therefore, it is especially important to care for the very limited amount of freshwater we have. Unfortunately, we take advantage of this precious resource. We make choices that have a negative impact on water and the creatures that live in and near water. This negative impact is called water pollution. Ningthoujam Sandhyarani wrote that , â€Å"Water pollution is an undesirable change in the water contaminated with harmful substances. † (Sandhyarani, n. d. ) It is one of the most major forms of pollution, second only to air pollution. Every year, 1. 2 trillion gallons of polluted water are discarded into United States waters and once water is polluted, it is complicated and difficult to extract the pollutants from the water. There are three main sources of contaminants that cause water pollution. These are industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Industrial pollutants can be traced back to manufacturing and processing plants. They can consist of chemicals and organic waste. Many large-scale industries have created their own methods of treating their wastewater. But smaller industries do not always have the means to properly care for their waste, leading to industrial water pollution. It is both expensive and laborious to properly treat and dispose of wastewater from industrial sources. Domestic wastewater is produced by our daily household tasks. It is composed of organic materials, including food and human waste, and inorganic materials, such as detergents, soaps, and the chemicals we use for cleaning. Domestic waste contains phosphates and nitrates that, if not properly treated, can lead to eutrophication and the growth of algae. The Missouri Botanical Garden defined eutrophication as, â€Å"The process of rapid plant growth followed by increased activity by decomposers and depletion in the oxygen level. (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2006) Eutrophication leads to the suffocation of fish and other organisms living in our lakes and rivers. The third major source of water pollution is agricultural waste. This includes manure, runoff and silt, pesticides, and fertilizers. The nutrients found in agricultural waste also lead to eutrophication if this waste is not properly disposed. If we do not treat wastewater properly, our health and the health of our environment can suffer. Polluted water can cause major declines in fish and wildlife populations. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA), of rivers in the United States are too polluted to support the survival of aquatic life. Beaches, lakes, and rivers may be closed because of water pollution and polluted water is unsafe for drinking and cooking, as it is capable of carrying harmful diseases and infections. Abhijit Naik noted that, in a study conducted by the World Water Assessment Program, â€Å"Two million tons of human waste is disposed in water bodies every single day. † (Naik, 2010) Thankfully, there is much being done to try to put an end to the pollution of water. One of the first and most prominent examples is the The Clean Water Act of 1972, put into effect by the U. S. EPA: â€Å"The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating and discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters†¦Under the CWA, EPA has implanted pollution control programs such as setting wastewater standards for industry. We have also set water quality standards for all contaminants in surface waters. The CWA made it unlawful to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit is obtained. † (U. S. EPA, n. d. ) However, we cannot simply rely on the rules and regulations set by others. We must also make decisions that will have a positive impact on our water. We can do this by being more mindful of how we are using water and what we are putting into it. We can also educate others and ourselves about the importance of caring for water and the ecosystems that thrive on it, because we are equally responsible for the care of our most valuable resource. How to cite Water Pollution, Papers Water Pollution Free Essays Water is considered to be a vital resource for production growth, industrial development, have led to structured measures to ensure sustainable management of this important resource. Water scarcity and pollution rank equal to climate charge as the most complicated environmental problems for the 21st century[1]. Today, water pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now The current rise in mortality is caused by the recent evaluation of drug- resistant, inaccessibility to effective health care facilities and the introduction of industrial by products to the environment. One of such industrial by-products threatening the environment worldwide today is pesticides residues. Reports have shown that presence of pesticide in the environment and the threat they pose to wild life and mankind have generated great concern in the past 20 years[2]. The on-growing and uncontrolled use of pesticides to fight pest and improve agricultural production constitutes a risk for water quality. Thus, pesticides have been detected in water by monitoring surface and underground waters. The most frequently found types of pesticides in water bodies are derivatives of urea, pyridazinone, phenoxy acetic acid, tryazin and the group of chlorinated pesticides[3]. Pesticides are broadly classified into two groups as chemical pesticides and biopesticides. Chemical pesticides are conventionally synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Pesticides are also classified according to the type of organism they act against as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides and Nematicides[4]. Herbicides are used to destroy other weeds that interfere with production of the desired crop. Based on their structure they are grouped into chlorophenoxy compounds (eg 2,4-D, 2,4,5,-T), dinitrophenols (2- methyl- 4,6- dinitro phenol), bipyridy compounds (paraquot, carbomate herbicides, substituted urea, triazines) and amide herbicides (alanine derivatives) [5]. Phenoxy herbicides (PHs) are among compounds among currently the most frequently used pesticides worldwide. They have been used on large scale in agriculture to control the growth of broad -leaved weeds on rice, maize and wheat and in post emergence application in most developing countries[6,7]. Among them, 2,4- dichlorophenoxy aceticacid ( 2,4-D) is a common important PHs (Figure 1) that is selective herbicide extensively used throughout the world including Ethiopia for the past 50 years. These types of herbicides family are popular among the farmers because of their low cost, effectiveness even in low doses and good water solubility. Figure 1: Structural formula of 2,4- dichlorophenoxy acetic acid However, there is information gap in our farmer about the toxicity level of herbicides [8]. Herbicides are commonly formulated into two forms including sprayed liquid and dry solids. Herbicids are widely used all over the world. figure 2 shows the statistic of pesticide usage worldwide, according to its categories for the year of 2011.. As shown in Figure 2, the total usage of herbicides in worldwide accounted as (36 %) followed by insecticides (25 %), fungicides (10%) and other pesticides including namaticides, rodenticides, fumigants, birds, fish and aquatic fish (29 %)[9]. How to cite Water Pollution, Papers Water Pollution Free Essays Cameron Mency Persuasive Essay March 5, 2011 Mrs. Peart Did you know that 10,000,000 people die each year just from drinking polluted water? Well, that’s a true fact! There are three main reasons that we need to prevent water pollution. Humans and animals can become poisoned, we are harming our environment, and the last reason is because of the amount of organisms dying. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Can you believe that this all happens just because of water pollution? First, we will focus on humans and animals being poisoned. When humans and animals drink water that is contaminated they can become sick. One of the sicknesses is Typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is the ingestion of water contaminated with feces of an infected person. Hepatitis A virus is a virus that can manifest itself in water. When humans and animals bathe in contaminated water they can become sick from the pollutants in the water. One of the sicknesses is Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease. ) Dracunculiasis is stagnant (or still) water that contains larvae. Do you boil water in order to cook pasta or make vegetables? Well if you do, the water you’re using might be contaminated. A sickness that you can get from food cooked with contaminated water is E. coli Infection. E. coli infection is water with bacteria in it. So imagine having bacteria in your pasta or vegetables, that’s gross! This is one reason we need to try prevent water pollution. Next, we will focus on how water pollution harms our environment. Oceans, lakes, and etc. can become polluted because of the dirt, chemicals, and other pollutants. When your parents are working in the garden do you see them sprinkling different things on the grass? When you water your lawn, can you see the dirty water run down the driveway or the side walk? If you said yes to these questions you are polluting water. The chemicals that your parents put in the grass are in the water that is running off into the driveway or on the sidewalk. Do you or your parents water the plants around the house and outside? The water with all of the chemicals in it might be the water you are using to water the plants. If this is the same water your plants can die. This can happen with all other bodies of water and plants, too. If you spray Febreze by a plant there is a good chance the Febreze will go into the plant’s roots. If the Febreze gets into the plant’s roots the plant can die. This can also happen with trees and other plants. Finally, we will focus on the amount of organisms dying from water pollution. As you read in the first paragraph that 10,000,000 people die each year from drinking polluted water. That’s crazy! Exxon Valdez was the name of the oil spill that occurred in Alaska during the year 1989. This oil spill caused 39,100 animals to die. As you can see, water pollution is not only bad for animals, but also for humans. Encourage your parents to do simple things that will make a big difference because if you don’t now, pollution will come back later in the future and bite us all right in the butt! How to cite Water Pollution, Papers Water Pollution Free Essays Water pollution: An Introduction Over two thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by  water; less than a third is taken up by land. As Earth’s population continues to grow, people are putting ever-increasing pressure on the planet’s water resources. In a sense, our oceans,  rivers, and other inland waters are being â€Å"squeezed† by human activities—not so they take up less room, but so their quality is reduced. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Poorer water quality means  water pollution. We know that pollution is a  human problem  because it is a relatively recent development in the planet’s history: before the 19th century Industrial Revolution, people lived more in harmony with their immediate environment. As industrialization has spread around the globe, so the problem of pollution has spread with it. When Earth’s population was much smaller, no one believed pollution would ever present a serious problem. It was once popularly believed that the oceans were far too big to pollute. Today, with around 7 billion people on the planet, it has become apparent that there are limits. Pollution is one of the signs that humans have exceeded those limits. How serious is the problem? According to the environmental campaign organization WWF:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Pollution from toxic chemicals threatens life on this planet. Every ocean and every continent, from the tropics to the once-pristine polar regions, is contaminated. † [pic] Photo: Detergent pollution entering a river. Photo courtesy of  US Fish Wildlife Service Photo Library. I. What is water pollution? Water pollution can be defined in many ways. Usually, it means one or more substances have built up in water to such an extent that they cause problems for animals or people. Oceans, lakes, rivers, and other inland waters can naturally clean up a certain amount of pollution by dispersing it harmlessly. If you poured a cup of black ink into a river, the ink would quickly disappear into the river’s much larger volume of clean water. The ink would still be there in the river, but in such a low concentration that you would not be able to see it. At such low levels, the chemicals in the ink probably would not present any real problem. However, if you poured gallons of ink into a river every few seconds through a pipe, the river would quickly turn black. The chemicals in the ink could very quickly have an effect on the quality of the water. This, in turn, could affect the health of all the plants, animals, and humans whose lives depend on the river. Thus, water pollution is all about  quantities: how much of a polluting substance is released and how big a volume of water it is released into. A small quantity of a toxic chemical may have little impact if it is spilled into the ocean from a ship. But the same amount of the same chemical can have a much bigger impact pumped into a lake or river, where there is less clean water to disperse it. Water pollution almost always means that some damage has been done to an ocean, river, lake, or other water source. A 1971 United Nations report defined ocean pollution as: â€Å"The introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities, including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities. Fortunately, Earth is forgiving and damage from water pollution is often reversible. . . [pic] Photo: Pollution means adding substances to the environment that don’t belong there—like the  air pollution  from this smokestack. Pollution is not always as obvious as this, however. Photo courtesy of  US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (US DOE/NREL) II. What are the main types of water pollution? When we think of Earth’s water re sources, we think of huge oceans, lakes, and rivers. Water resources like these are called  surface waters. The most bvious type of water pollution affects surface waters. For example, a spill from an oil tanker creates an oil slick that can affect a vast area of the ocean. Not all of Earth’s water sits on its surface, however. A great deal of water is held in underground rock structures known as aquifers, which we cannot see and seldom think about. Water stored underground in aquifers is known as  groundwater. Aquifers feed our rivers and supply much of our drinking water. They too can become polluted, for example, when weed killers used in people’s gardens drain into the ground. Groundwater pollution is much less obvious than surface-water pollution, but is no less of a problem. In 1996, a study in Iowa in the United States found that over half the state’s groundwater wells were contaminated with weed killers. Surface waters and groundwater are the two types of water resources that pollution affects. There are also two different ways in which pollution can occur. If pollution comes from a single location, such as a discharge pipe attached to a factory, it is known as  point-source pollution. Other examples of point source pollution include an oil spill from a tanker, a discharge from a smoke stack (factory chimney), or someone pouring oil from their car down a drain. A great deal of water pollution happens not from one single source but from many different scattered sources. This is called  nonpoint-source pollution. [pic] Photo: Above: Point-source pollution comes from a single, well-defined place such as this pipe. Below: Nonpoint-source pollution comes from many sources. All the industrial plants alongside a river and the ships that service them may be polluting the river collectively. Both photos courtesy of  US Fish Wildlife Service Photo Library. When point-source pollution enters the environment, the place most affected is usually the area immediately around the source. For example, when a tanker accident occurs, the oil slick is concentrated around the tanker itself and, in the right ocean conditions, the pollution disperses the further away from the tanker you go. This is less likely to happen with nonpoint source pollution which, by definition, enters the environment from many different places at once. Sometimes pollution that enters the environment in one place has an effect hundreds or even thousands of miles away. This is known as  transboundary pollution. One example is the way radioactive waste travels through the oceans from nuclear reprocessing plants in England and France to nearby countries such as Ireland and Norway. III. How do we know when water is polluted? Some forms of water pollution are very obvious: everyone has seen  TV  news footage of oil slicks filmed from  helicopters  flying overhead. Water pollution is usually less obvious and much harder to detect than this. But how can we measure water pollution when we cannot see it? How do we even know it’s there? There are two main ways of measuring the quality of water. One is to take samples of the water and measure the concentrations of different chemicals that it contains. If the chemicals are dangerous or the concentrations are too great, we can regard the water as polluted. Measurements like this are known as  chemical indicators  of water quality. Another way to measure water quality involves examining the fish, insects, and other invertebrates that the water will support. If many different types of creatures can live in a river, the quality is likely to be very good; if the river supports no fish life at all, the quality is obviously much poorer. Measurements like this are called  biological indicators  of water quality. IV. What are the causes of water pollution? Most water pollution doesn’t begin in the water itself. Take the oceans: around 80 percent of ocean pollution enters our seas from the land. Virtually any human activity can have an effect on the quality of our water environment. When farmers fertilize the fields, the chemicals they use are gradually washed by rain into the groundwater or surface waters nearby. Sometimes the causes of water pollution are quite surprising. Chemicals released by smokestacks (chimneys) can enter the atmosphere and then fall back to earth as rain, entering seas, rivers, and lakes and causing water pollution. That’s called  atmospheric deposition. Water pollution has many different causes and this is one of the reasons why it is such a difficult problem to solve. Sewage With billions of people on the planet, disposing of sewage waste is a major problem. According to  2004 figures  from the World Health Organization, some 1. 1 billion people (16 percent of the world’s population) don’t have access to safe drinking water, while 2. 6 billion (40 percent of the world’s population) don’t have proper sanitation (hygienic toilet facilities); the position hasn’t improved much since. Sewage disposal affects people’s immediate environments and leads to water-related illnesses such as diarrhea that kills 3-4 million children each year. According to the World Health Organization, water-related diseases could kill 135 million people by 2020. ) In developed countries, most people have  flush toilets  that take sewage waste quickly and hygienically away from their homes. Yet the problem of sewage disposal does not end there. When you flush the toilet, the waste has to go somewhere and, even after it leaves the sewa ge treatment works, there is still waste to dispose of. Sometimes sewage waste is pumped untreated into the sea. Until the early 1990s, around 5 million tons of sewage was dumped by barge from New York City each year. The population of Britain produces around 300 million gallons of sewage every day, some of it still pumped untreated into the sea through long pipes. The New River that crosses the border from Mexico into California carries with it 20-25 million gallons (76-95 million liters) of raw sewage each day. Even in rich nations, the practice of dumping sewage into the sea continues. In early 2012, it was  reported  that the tiny island of Guernsey (between Britain and France) has decided to continue dumping 16,000 tons of raw sewage into the sea each day. In theory, sewage is a completely natural substance that should be broken down harmlessly in the environment: 90 percent of sewage is water. In practice, sewage contains all kinds of other chemicals, from the pharmaceutical drugs people take to the  paper,  plastic, and other wastes they flush down their toilets. When people are sick with viruses, the sewage they produce carries those viruses into the environment. It is possible to catch illnesses such as hepatitis, typhoid, and cholera from river and sea water. [pic] Photo: During crop-spraying, some chemicals will drain into the soil. Eventually, they seep into rivers and other watercourses. Photo courtesy of  US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (ARS). Nutrients Suitably treated and used in moderate quantities, sewage can be a fertilizer: it returns important nutrients to the environment, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which plants and animals need for growth. The trouble is, sewage is often released in much greater quantities than the natural environment can cope with. Chemical fertilizers used by farmers also add nutrients to the soil, which drain into rivers and seas and add to the fertilizing effect of the sewage. Together, sewage and fertilizers can cause a massive increase in the growth of algae or plankton that overwhelms huge areas of oceans, lakes, or rivers. This is known as a  harmful algal bloom  (also known as an HAB or red tide, because it can turn the water red). It is harmful because it removes oxygen from the water that kills other forms of life, leading to what is known as a  dead zone. The Gulf of Mexico has one of the world’s most spectacular dead zones. Each summer, it grows to an area of around 7000 square miles (18,000 square kilometers), which is about the same size as the state of New Jersey. Waste water A few statistics illustrate the scale of the problem that waste water (chemicals washed down drains and discharged from factories) can cause. Around half of all ocean pollution is caused by sewage and waste water. Each year, the world generates 400 billion tons of industrial waste, much of which is pumped untreated into rivers, oceans, and other waterways. In the United States alone, around 400,000 factories take clean water from rivers, and many pump polluted waters back in their place. However, there have been major improvements in waste water treatment recently. For example, in the United States over the last 30 years, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has spent $70 billion improving treatment plants that now serve about 85 percent of the US population. Factories are point sources of water pollution, but quite a lot of water is polluted by ordinary people from nonpoint sources; this is how ordinary water becomes waste water in the first place. Virtually everyone pours chemicals of one sort or another down their drains or toilets. Even  detergents  used in  washing machines  anddishwashers  eventually end up in our rivers and oceans. So do the pesticides we use on our gardens. A lot of toxic pollution also enters waste water from highwayrunoff. Highways are typically covered with a cocktail of toxic chemicals—everything from spilled fuel and  brake  fluids to bits of worn tires (themselves made from chemical additives) and exhaust emissions. When it rains, these chemicals wash into drains and rivers. It is not unusual for heavy summer rainstorms to wash toxic chemicals into rivers in such concentrations that they kill large numbers of fish overnight. It has been estimated that, in one year, the highway runoff from a single large city leaks as much oil into our water environment as a typical tanker spill. Some highway runoff runs away into drains; others can pollute groundwater or accumulate in the land next to a road, making it increasingly toxic as the years go by. Chemical waste Detergents are relatively mild substances. At the opposite end of the spectrum are highly toxic chemicals such as  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). They were once widely used to manufacture  electronic  circuit boards, but their harmful effects have now been recognized and their use is highly restricted in many countries. Nevertheless, an estimated half million tons of PCBs were discharged into the environment during the 20th century. In a classic example of transboundary pollution, traces of PCBs have even been found in birds and fish in the Arctic. They were carried there through the oceans, thousands of miles from where they originally entered the environment. Although PCBs are widely banned, their effects will be felt for many decades because they last a long time in the environment without breaking down. Another kind of toxic pollution comes from  heavy metals, such as  lead, cadmium, and mercury. Lead was once commonly used in gasoline (petrol), though its use is now restricted in some countries. Mercury and cadmium are still used in  batteries  (though some brands now use other metals instead). Until recently, a highly toxic chemical called tributyltin (TBT) was used in paints to protect boats from the ravaging effects of the oceans. Ironically, however, TBT was gradually recognized as a pollutant: boats painted with it were doing as much damage to the oceans as the oceans were doing to the boats. The best known example of heavy metal pollution in the oceans took place in 1938 when a Japanese factory discharged a significant amount of mercury metal into Minamata Bay, contaminating the fish stocks there. It took a decade for the problem to come to light. By that time, many local people had eaten the fish and around 2000 were poisoned. Hundreds of people were left dead or disabled. Radioactive waste People view radioactive waste with great alarm—and for good reason. At high enough concentrations it can kill; in lower concentrations it can cause cancers and other illnesses. The biggest sources of radioactive pollution in Europe are two factories that reprocess waste fuel from  nuclear power plants: Sellafield on the north-west coast of Britain and Cap La Hague on the north coast of France. Both discharge radioactive waste water into the sea, which oc of Britain and Cap La Hague on the north coast of France. Both discharge radioactive waste water into the sea, which ocean currents then carry around the world. Countries such as Norway, which lie downstream from Britain, receive significant doses of radioactive pollution from Sellafield. The Norwegian government has repeatedly complained that Sellafield has increased radiation levels along its coast by 6-10 times. Both the Irish and Norwegian governments continue to press for the plant’s closure. Oil pollution When we think of ocean pollution, huge black oil slicks often spring to mind, yet these spectacular accidents represent only a tiny fraction of all the pollution entering our oceans. Even considering oil by itself, tanker spills are not as significant as they might seem: only 12% of the oil that enters the oceans comes from tanker accidents; over 70% of oil pollution at sea comes from routine shipping and from the oil people pour down drains on land. However, what makes tanker spills so destructive is the sheer quantity of oil they release at once — in other words, the concentration of oil they produce in one very localized part of the marine environment. The biggest oil spill in recent years (and the biggest ever spill in US waters) occurred when the tankerExxon Valdez  broke up in Prince William Sound in Alaska in 1989. Around 12 million gallons (44 million liters) of oil were released into the pristine wilderness—enough to fill your living room 800 times over! Estimates of the marine animals killed in the spill vary from approximately 1000 sea otters and 34,000 birds to as many as 2800 sea otters and 250,000 sea birds. Several billion salmon and herring eggs are also believed to have been destroyed. [pic] Photo: Oil-tanker spills are the most spectacular forms of pollution and the ones that catch public attention, but only a fraction of all water pollution happens this way. Photo courtesy of  US Fish Wildlife Service Photo Library. Plastics If you’ve ever taken part in a community beach clean, you’ll know that  plastic  is far and away the most common substance that washes up with the waves. There are three reasons for this: plastic is one of the most common materials, used for making virtually every kind of manufactured object from clothing to automobile parts; plastic is light and floats easily so it can travel enormous distances across the oceans; most plastics are not biodegradable (they do not break down naturally in the environment), which means that things like plastic bottle tops can survive in the marine environment for a long time. A plastic bottle can survive an estimated 450 years in the ocean and plastic fishing line can last up to 600 years. ) While plastics are not toxic in quite the same way as poisonous chemicals, they nevertheless present a major hazard to seabirds, fish, and other marine creatures. For example, plastic fishing lines and other debris can strangle or choke fis h. (This is sometimes called  ghost fishing. ) One scientific study in the 1980s estimated that a quarter of all seabirds contain some sort of plastic residue. In another study about a decade later, a scientist collected debris from a 1. mile length of beach in the remote Pitcairn islands in the South Pacific. His study recorded approximately a thousand pieces of garbage including 268 pieces of plastic, 71 plastic bottles, and two dolls heads. Alien species Most people’s idea of water pollution involves things like sewage, toxic metals, or oil slicks, but pollution can be biological as well as chemical. In some parts of the world, alien species are a major problem. Alien species (sometimes known as  invasive species) are animals or plants from one region that have been introduced into a different ecosystem where they do not belong. Outside their normal environment, they have no natural predators, so they rapidly run wild, crowding out the usual animals or plants that thrive there. Common examples of alien species include zebra mussels in the Great Lakes of the USA, which were carried there from Europe by ballast water (waste water flushed from  ships). The Mediterranean Sea has been invaded by a kind of alien algae called  Caulerpa taxifolia. In the Black Sea, an alien jellyfish called  Mnemiopsis leidyi  reduced fish stocks by 90% after arriving in ballast water. In San Francisco Bay, Asian clams called  Potamocorbula amurensis,  also introduced by ballast water, have dramatically altered the ecosystem. In 1999, Cornell University’s David Pimentel estimated that alien invaders like this cost the US economy $123 billion a year. [pic] Photo: Invasive species: Above:  Water hyacinth  crowding out a waterway around an old fence post. Photo by Steve Hillebrand. Below: Non-nativezebra mussels  clumped on a native mussel. Both photos courtesy of  US Fish Wildlife Service Photo Library. Other forms of pollution These are the most common forms of pollution—but by no means the only ones. Heat or  thermal pollution  from factories and power plants also causes problems in rivers. By raising the temperature, it reduces the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water, thus also reducing the level of aquatic life that the river can support. Another type of pollution involves the disruption of  sediments  (fine-grained powders) that flow from rivers into the sea. Dams built for hydroelectric power or water reservoirs can reduce the sediment flow. This reduces the formation of beaches, increases coastal erosion (the natural destruction of cliffs by the sea), and reduces the flow of nutrients from rivers into seas (potentially reducing coastal fish stocks). Increased sediments can also present a problem. During construction work, soil, rock, and other fine powders sometimes enters nearby rivers in large quantities, causing it to become turbid (muddy or silted). The extra sediment can block the gills of fish, effectively suffocating them. Construction firms often now take precautions to prevent this kind of pollution from happening. V. What are the effects of water pollution? Some people believe pollution is an inescapable result of human activity: they argue that if we want to have factories, cities, ships, cars, oil, and coastal resorts, some degree of pollution is almost certain to result. In other words, pollution is a necessary evil that people must put up with if they want to make progress. Fortunately, not everyone agrees with this view. One reason people have woken up to the problem of pollution is that it brings costs of its own that undermine any economic benefits that come about by polluting. Take oil spills, for example. They can happen if tankers are too poorly built to survive accidents at sea. But the economic benefit of compromising on tanker quality brings an economic cost when an oil spill occurs. The oil can wash up on nearby beaches, devastate the ecosystem, and severely affect tourism. The main problem is that the people who bear the cost of the spill (typically a small coastal community) are not the people who caused the problem in the first place (the people who operate the tanker). Yet, arguably, everyone who puts gasoline (petrol) into their car—or uses almost any kind of petroleum-fueled transport—contributes to the problem in some way. So oil spills are a problem for everyone, not just people who live by the coast and tanker operates. Sewage is another good example of how pollution can affect us all. Sewage discharged into coastal waters can wash up on beaches and cause a health hazard. People who bathe or  surf  in the water can fall ill if they swallow polluted water—yet sewage can have other harmful effects too: it can poison shellfish (such as cockles and mussels) that grow near the shore. People who eat poisoned shellfish risk suffering from an acute—and sometimes fatal—illness called paralytic shellfish poisoning. Shellfish is no longer caught along many shores because it is simply too polluted with sewage or toxic chemical wastes that have discharged from the land nearby. Pollution matters because it harms the environment on which people depend. The environment is not something distant and separate from our lives. It’s not a pretty shoreline hundreds of miles from our homes or a wilderness landscape that we see only on TV. The environment is everything that surrounds us that gives us life and health. Destroying the environment ultimately reduces the quality of our own lives—and that, most selfishly, is why pollution should matter to all of us. VI. How can we stop water pollution? There is no easy way to solve water pollution; if there were, it wouldn’t be so much of a problem. Broadly speaking, there are three different things that can help to tackle the problem—education, laws, and economics—and they work together as a team. Education Making people aware of the problem is the first step to solving it. In the early 1990s, when surfers in Britain grew tired of catching illnesses from water polluted with sewage, they formed a group called  Surfers Against Sewage  to force governments and water companies to clean up their act. People who’ve grown tired of walking the world’s polluted beaches often band together to organize community beach-cleaning sessions. Anglers who no longer catch so many fish have campaigned for tougher penalties against factories that pour pollution into our rivers. Greater public awareness can make a positive difference. Laws One of the biggest problems with water pollution is its transboundary nature. Many rivers cross countries, while seas span whole continents. Pollution discharged by factories in one country with poor environmental standards can cause problems in neighboring nations, even when they have tougher laws and higher standards. Environmental laws can make it tougher for people to pollute, but to be really effective they have to operate across national and international borders. This is why we have international laws governing the oceans, such as the 1982  UN Convention on the Law of the Sea  (signed by over 120 nations), the 1972  London (Dumping) Convention, the 1978  MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, and the 1998  OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North East Atlantic. The European Union has water-protection laws (known as directives) that apply to all of its member states. They include the 1976Bathing Water Directive  (updated 2006), which seeks to ensure the quality of the waters that people use for recreation. Most countries also have their own water pollution laws. In the United States, for example, there is the 1972  Clean Water Act  and the 1974  Safe Drinking sWater Act. Economics Most environmental experts agree that the best way to tackle pollution is through something called the  polluter pays principle. This means that whoever causes pollution should have to pay to clean it up, one way or another. Polluter pays can operate in all kinds of ways. It could mean that tanker owners should have to take out insurance that covers the cost of oil spill cleanups, for example. It could also mean that shoppers should have to pay for their plastic grocery bags, as is now common in Ireland, to encourage  recycling  and minimize waste. Or it could mean that factories that use rivers must have their water inlet pipes downstream of their effluent outflow pipes, so if they cause pollution they themselves are the first people to suffer. Ultimately, the polluter pays principle is designed to deter people from polluting by making it less expensive for them to behave in an environmentally responsible way. VII. Our clean future Life is ultimately about choices—and so is pollution. We can live with sewage-strewn beaches, dead rivers, and fish that are too poisonous to eat. Or we can work together to keep the environment clean so the plants, animals, and people who depend on it remain healthy. We can take individ, by using environmentally friendly  detergents, not pouring oil down drains, reducing pesticides, and so on. We can take community action too, by helping out on beach cleans or litter picks to keep our rivers and seas that little bit cleaner. And we can take action as countries and continents to pass laws that will make pollution harder ual action to help reduce water pollution, for example and the world less polluted. Working together, we can make pollution less of a problem—and the world a better place. References: 1. ‘Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control ‘by Roy Harrison -Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001. 2. Introduction to Environmental Science 12th edition by Cunningham, 2012. 3. Website :www. water-pollution. org. uk How to cite Water Pollution, Essay examples Water Pollution Free Essays Water pollution is when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. (www. imbgnet. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution or any similar topic only for you Order Now net) There are four types of water pollutions and I’m going to describe each one of them. I’m also going to tell you the solutions that I can up with and how I’m going to get the government and people involved to help. It is a lot of things that we don’t know about water pollution and how bad it is for our health. Every year, 14 billion pounds of sewage, sludge, and garbage are dump into the water. (www. hinkquest. com) Nineteen trillion gallons of waste also enter the water annually and it is a hard thing to clean up. The first type of water pollution I’m going to talk about is Toxic substance; which is a chemical pollutant that is not a naturally occurring substance. This is what we would call man made material that we dump into the water every day. The second one is Organic substance that occurs when an excess of organic matter such as manure or sewage enters the water. This is a natural thing that we as humans can try to stop at a point in time. Water pollution is a point and a non point source pollution in which we are a big factor of. The point source is the waste that we put into the water every day and the way we store the waste that we use. The non point source is like the sewage we dump and we know that we are doing it. One of the ways that we are putting waste into the water is being on the cruise ships. They are dumping the sewage, bath water, and the other material into the ocean. It is killing all of the food and making us sick on a day to day living. Water pollution is one of the worst things that we should ever let happen in the world. Most countries can’t drink or take baths in the water without boiling it first. The non living things that contribute to the cause of water pollution are all the things that we as humans make or use. The thing that we use in everyday living is a big part of the pollution problem. The living things that are affected by this are the people and animals that need the water to survive. People we need the water to do almost everything that we do when we get up in the morning. We have to drink this water, baths with it, and cook with it every day. We should be careful about the thing that we do and how we do it. The more that we pollute the water the more living things will die and our food supply will be cut out. Thermal pollution is the third one I’m going to talk about it occurs when water is used as a coolant near a power or industrial plant. The water is returned to the environment at a higher temperature than it was originally. Some plants treat the water before it is released back into the environment, but they forget to let it cool down before they release it back. Ecological pollution takes place when chemical pollution, organic pollution, or thermal pollution is cause by natural than by human activity. Water pollution is increasingly becoming a large problem that humans con confront. Water is the most valuable resource. Just think of how much humans dependent on clean water. Water is more valuable than gold, can we go a day, week, year without, gold or water? The fact is we drink the water, we use it irrigation for farm fields, cooking, washing clothes, flushing toilets, and industrial process requires water to function. The earth’s surface is covered by 70% water, why fuss of protect water? Only 3% of all water is fresh and drinkable and that 75% is frozen, which leaves a grand total of 1% of the Earth’s surface water is readily available for consumption. Taking the fact into account, one can see why the conservation and protection of our remaining water supply is vital. Water pollution can be stopped, sources of the pollution must be known. Solution is like people, each one is complex as well different. Every part time environmentalist can have a solution to any environmental problem ails this planet. That is not to say that they are always right. We as humans play a major part into what goes into the water and how it gets there. We might not think that we are doing it, but we are. I think that since we realize that we are doing it we can find a way to stop it. The first thing that we need to do is get the big wigs to join in, but before I get into that we are going to talk a little more about water pollution. I think that we can find a better way to store the waste that some of the plants are using. Conversely, are not always wrong either. The solution is the first part, making the solution a reality is second. Water pollution is a problem most everyone would agree does exist. Individuals can do a lot to help with the water pollution problems and aid in the water pollution solutions. By buying organic food and green household cleaners and personal care items to prevent the run off of chemical into ground water. Many pharmaceuticals are eliminated as possible and stay away from meats and the raising used of hormones and drugs. It is important to properly dispose of any paints and varnishes. To implement water pollution solutions is to use less plastics and plastic products and not to litter. Water pollution solutions are very affordable to put into effect. The Unite State research Council has estimated that to do initial clean-up of all contaminated groundwater is over 300,000 sites across the United States it will cost $1 trillion dollars over the course of thirty years. It would average out to 33 cents per person per day. To reestablishing wetlands is to act as a buffer zone to runoff and to assist in filtering pollutants. Less drive to reduce the amount of air pollution being emitted into the environment and minimize the amount of nitrogen deposition. To improve the sewage treatment system to stop the leaks in the pipes. Conserve water, improve storm water management. Monitor watershed. Stop deforestation to soak up the rain water and prevent runoff from occurring. The best water pollution solutions are simply to pressure our government officials here in the United States, to enforce the environmental protections already on the books. The laws is important, if the elected officials is not properly fund enforcement measures and these agencies with those individuals who is committed to protected the environment, and the laws isn’t worth the recycled paper it’s written on. If we can get the government to become a big part in the clean up then we will make a great impact on the world. We will just need the government to help fund the clean up and make sure that we wouldn’t have to do it again. I think that if the government make the law sick then we want have to reclean the water ever again. I think that the benefits will best suit the living things that use the water every day and need it to survive. We want get sick, need to boil it, and we want have to worry about what’s in it. We also want have to worry about the food that we get out of the water having something or dying off. The animals in the world won’t die off so quickly and they won’t have to find water to drink. I think that the challenges will be to get the government involve and the people involved. I think that the most that we will get out of them both is half and that will be a good start. For the most part will be to get the funding for the cleanup and a place to store all the waste that we get out of the water. When it is all said and done we will be able to see a new change in the water. We will be able to look clear through the water and see all the way to the bottom. I think that with the help of every one we can make this happen and at the end we can be ever proud of ourselves. I think that with all the planning and the solutions that we can make it happen before the year is out. It will take a lot of hard work and time, but as a big group we can make it all worth wide at the end. We should look at what this will mean to all living things and how much it will change the world. We can leave this and show the kids to come how beautiful the world can be. We can save many lives and protect the kids of the future America. It will be even better if I can get a least three hundred people from each country to help out right along with their government. The government plays a big part and I will make sure that they understand it to the fullest. I think that we can make a difference in the world if we just put our mind to it. We can’t let the water that we use every day continue to be like this and making us sick. We need to put our foot down and tell them no more with an attitude attached to it. We should take a stand and let the others know that we will not take it anymore. We need to tell them that it is time for a change and the change is now. We need to stand up as one and show the people who are polluting the waters that we will not take any more of this. We need to come up with a way to make this stick and make sure it is there to stay. I think that we can do it and get everyone involves to make this dream a reality for all those to come and the ones that are here to stay. How to cite Water Pollution, Essay examples

Discharge Planning from Hospital to Home

Question: Summarise a journal article which takes into account the role of the Australian Registered Nurse in the discharge planning process. Briefly outline how discharge planning in the acute care setting may maximise health and minimise costs. Answer: Shepperd S, McClaran J, Phillips CO, Lannin NA, Clemson LM, McCluskey A, Cameron ID, Barras SL., 2010, Discharge planning from hospital to home (Review), The Cochrane Library, No.1. In this review article, Shepperd et al. have investigated the effect of proper discharge planning by conducing and comparing through randomized controlled trials. The study concluded that the impact of proper discharge planning was positive on the length of stay in the hospital, the readmission rates of the older people. However, the study could not ascertain the impact of proper discharge on the mortality rate, health outcomes and the total cost. Barnes, D., Palmer, R., Kresevic, D., Fortinsky, R., Kowal, J., Chren, M. and Landefeld, C., 2012, Acute Care For Elders Units Produced Shorter Hospital Stays At Lower Cost While Maintaining Patients Functional Status, Health Aff, Vol. 31, no. 6, pp: 1227-1236. In this research article, Barnes et al. have concluded that after having conducted randomized control trials on the elderly people, it has been found that the length of stay in the hospital was shorter for the patients who were receiving acute care as compared to the length of stay of the patients who received usual care. Moreover, the proper discharge set up also helped in lowering the total inpatient cost, maintaining the patients functional abilities and even leading to the reduction in the readmission rates into the hospital. The inclusion of the practices of Acute Care for Elder Units have proved beneficial for the hospitals by providing them effective strategies low reducing the cost while simultaneously preserving the quality of care being delivered. Konetzka, R., 2007, Reducing hospitalizations from Long-term care settings, Med. Care Res Rev., Vol. 65, no. 1, pp: 40-66. Konetzka has demonstrated the importance of certain interventions that can help in relieving the stressful process of hospital stay and the continued and ongoing treatment. This articles reviews the evidence that is collected from 55 peer reviewed articles and the conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that that strongest and the most effective are those implementations like skilled staffing (inclusion of physician and nurse practitioners in the tea), improvisation of the hospital to home transition by ensuring proper and organized discharge, substitution of the home health care for selected hospital admissions and alignment of the reimbursement policies such that the providers do not have financial incentive to hospitalize. Stone, J. and Hoffman, G., 2010, Medicare Hospital Readmissions: Issues, Policy options and PPACA, Congressional Research Service. Stone, J and Hoffman, G. presented a paper cum report describing the efficacy of some service delivery and financial reforming programs and strategies that had the potential to improve the quality of care being administered to the elderly people who were suffering from some or the other chronic disease. They stressed on the type of care provided to the patients who are transferred from hospitals to home, while they reside in their homes, keeping in consideration the community based, long term and medicare post acute based care of the patients.

Piaget Essays (1681 words) - Freudian Psychology, Anal Stage

Piaget Freud And Erikson The field of psychology has grown to be respected as a science. Objectivity and the scientific method are both part of the psychologist's mode of operation. However, even the greatest of psychologists can only theorize about what makes human beings act the way they do. Absolutes are not part of psychology. Everything is relative and open to speculation. Theorists give us their views or ideas about life. In the field of psychology, there have been many different areas of interest. Human development is one of the most popular areas of interest for those who study psychology. Freud, Erikson, and Piaget are all great theorists with different ideas concerning human development. Each theorist developed ideas and stages for human development. Their theories on human development had human beings passing through different stages. Each theory differed on what these stages were. These theories also differed with their respect towards paradigmatic assumptions, learning and development, and relationship towards educational practice. Freud is known as the father of psychology. Although some of his work has been dismissed, most of it still holds weight in the world of psychology today. Freud believed that inner forces fueled human development. He believed the most powerful of all inner forces was our sexual being. Freud linked everything with sex. This includes any bodily pleasure whatsoever. Thus, when Freud discusses the sexual needs of children, they are not the Hartenstine 2 same kind of sexual needs that an adult would experience. Children experienced sexual gratification in different ways. Sucking their thumbs or retaining their excrement could be seen as sexual gratification for small children. Freud also specified certain areas of our body as erogenous zones. Those areas included the mouth and genitals. This all fit in to Freud's obsession with sex. An obsession that could be linked to the era that Freud lived in. It was a very conservative period in history. Sexual feelings were often repressed. Freud's theory on human development could be labeled the psychosexual stages of development. Freud believed human beings passed through different stages in their life based on which part of their body gratified them. Freud's psychosexual stages of development are five in total. The Oral stage takes place from birth to about one year. During this stage, a child is orally oriented. The mouth is the child's erogenous zone. Everything a child touches is put in his mouth. Freud believes children do this because it gives them pleasure. When a child sucks his thumb, it does so because it gratifies them. According to Freud, the gratification is sexual. The second stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory takes place between the ages of two and three years of age. The erogenous zone shifts location, thus moving from one stage to another. The second erogenous zone in Freud's stages of human development is the anal region. Freud believes children Hartenstine 3 experience sexual gratification during bowel movements and when they withhold bowel movements. Some children may even experience pleasure handling, looking at, or thinking about their own feces. Once the Anal stage of development has been completed, the next stage of development for Freud is the Phallic Stage. This usually occurs at about three years of age. The shift in erogenous zones moves from the anal region to the genital organs. This stage is also known as the Oedipal Stage of psychosexual development. This name comes from the legendary king, Oedipus, who killed his father and married his mother. During this stage, children take interest in their sexual organs. Soon they notice differences and similarities between themselves and their parents. Each sex wants to be with the parent of the other sex, for girls this is referred to as the elektra complex. Once the children realize they can not be with their mother or father, they identify with the parent of the same sex. The next stage is called the stage of Latency. A lack of change or absence of erogenous zones characterizes this stage. After the realization that the child can not be with a parent sexually, the child shifts its attention to same-sexed relationships. Boys will shift their sexual urges and drives to something acceptable, such as sports. This is a time of relative calm. The last stage of Freud's psychosexual development is the Genital Stage. The erogenous zone returns in a very powerful Hartenstine 4 way in the genital organs. This stage takes place from puberty into adulthood. True sexual desire and sexual relationships mark this stage. Erikson took Freud's ideas and enhanced them. He added stages for the adult years.

Free Essays on History As Mystery

History as mystery Prologue - page xv A dissenting view invites us to test the prevailing explanations and open ourselves to neglected ones. Through this clash of viewpoints we have a better chance of moving toward a closer approximation of historical truth. Dissidents (or revisionists, as they have been called) are not drifting with the mainstream but swimming against it, struggling against the prevailing range of respectable opinion. They are deprived of what Alvin Gouldner called "the background assumptions," the implicit, unexamined. but commonly embraced notions that invite self-confirming acceptance because of their conformity to what is already accepted as properly true. This established familiarity and unanimity of bias is frequently treated as "objectivity." For this reason dissidents are constantly having to defend themselves and argue closely from the evidence. In contrast, orthodoxy can rest on its own unstated axioms and mystifications, remaining heedless of marginalized critics who are denied a means of reaching mass audiences. Orthodoxy promotes its views through the unexamined repetition that comes with monopoly control of the major communication and educational systems. In sum, while dissidents can make mistakes of their own, they are less likely to go unchallenged for it. Not so with orthodoxy. It remains the most insidious form of ideology for it parades the dominant view as the objective one, the only plausible and credible one. *** p5 ... it is a matter of public record that a tiny portion of the population controls the lion's share of the wealth and most of the command positions of state, manufacturing, banking, investment, publishing, higher education, philanthropy, and media. And while not totally immune to popular pressures, these individuals exercise a preponderant influence over what is passed off as public information and democratic discourse. The ruling class is the politically active component of th... Free Essays on History As Mystery Free Essays on History As Mystery History as mystery Prologue - page xv A dissenting view invites us to test the prevailing explanations and open ourselves to neglected ones. Through this clash of viewpoints we have a better chance of moving toward a closer approximation of historical truth. Dissidents (or revisionists, as they have been called) are not drifting with the mainstream but swimming against it, struggling against the prevailing range of respectable opinion. They are deprived of what Alvin Gouldner called "the background assumptions," the implicit, unexamined. but commonly embraced notions that invite self-confirming acceptance because of their conformity to what is already accepted as properly true. This established familiarity and unanimity of bias is frequently treated as "objectivity." For this reason dissidents are constantly having to defend themselves and argue closely from the evidence. In contrast, orthodoxy can rest on its own unstated axioms and mystifications, remaining heedless of marginalized critics who are denied a means of reaching mass audiences. Orthodoxy promotes its views through the unexamined repetition that comes with monopoly control of the major communication and educational systems. In sum, while dissidents can make mistakes of their own, they are less likely to go unchallenged for it. Not so with orthodoxy. It remains the most insidious form of ideology for it parades the dominant view as the objective one, the only plausible and credible one. *** p5 ... it is a matter of public record that a tiny portion of the population controls the lion's share of the wealth and most of the command positions of state, manufacturing, banking, investment, publishing, higher education, philanthropy, and media. And while not totally immune to popular pressures, these individuals exercise a preponderant influence over what is passed off as public information and democratic discourse. The ruling class is the politically active component of th...

10 Writing Submission Strategies to Get You Published - Freewrite Store

10 Writing Submission Strategies to Get You Published - Freewrite Store Today’s guest post is by editor and author Susan DeFreitas (@manzanitafire), whose debut novel, Hot Season, won the 2017 Gold IPPY Award for Best Fiction of the Mountain-West.       Some of the most brilliant writers fail to get published, and not because their work isn’t ready for publication, but because they fail to submit their work. Maybe you’re one of them. Or maybe you’re one of those who submits a short story, essay, or query once in a blue moon, hoping for the best (but, more likely than not, getting rejected). Or maybe you’ve developed a more systematic approach to submissions, but still have yet to break through with the byline or book deal you’ve been aiming for. It might be that your work isn’t ready yet for publication; on the other hand, it might be that your current submissions strategy isn’t working. In my 20+ years as a writer, and close to 10 now as an editor, I’ve learned a few things about the submissions process, and a few things about publishing too- and it’s my hope that what I’ve learned will help you develop a more efficient, more effective submissions strategy. 1. Double up Publishing is, at its heart, a numbers game; most literary journals and magazines receive a thousand or more submissions a year, with acceptance rates hovering between .5 and 2.5 percent. Those numbers should make it clear that in order to get results, no matter how brilliant your submission may be, you need to have your work under consideration in many different places. (Most literary journals allow for simultaneous submissions, which makes this easier; most genre magazines do not.) Of course, there are only so many hours in the day, week, month, and year, and if you’re already overloaded with other obligations, the responsibility to submit your work can seem overwhelming- even paralyzing. But there’s a simple trick to avoid that sort of paralysis: however many submissions you tend to have out at a time, double it. That means, if you have nothing currently under consideration, submit one thing; if you have a piece under consideration by five publications, submit to five more. 2. Follow up New writers tend to take rejection hard; more experienced writers hardly notice it. But if you don’t take the time to read your rejections carefully, you may miss the fact it has been rejected with regrets. This is one of those â€Å"nice† rejections; it might mention that while the editors enjoyed the piece, they ultimately decided that it wasn’t right for their publication. Rejections like this often come with an invitation to submit more work. These kind of rejections can sting, sometimes more than the standard form letter (so close!). But it’s important to realize what the nice rejection letter really means. Kate Winterheimer, the founding editor of The Masters Review, notes that she has published many authors who had been previously rejected many times. â€Å"I can’t emphasize enough that continuing to submit to the same literary magazine is something you absolutely should do,† she says. â€Å"It’s terrible to think they might not submit to us again when their work is so close and such a strong fit, but has otherwise been beat out by other stories. We’ve published several authors who first received rejections from us.† If you love a publication, and the editors there love you, keep sending them your work. 3. Periodically revise If you stopped to edit your work each and every time you sat down to send it out, you’d never send it out at all. (Writers are notorious perfectionists.) But if you’ve collected five or ten rejections on a piece, it might be time to revisit the piece with newer, fresher eyes and see if it might benefit from revision That revision might be structural- for instance, a new ending- or it might be cosmetic (almost any piece can benefit from a nip and tuck here and there). Either way, revisiting the piece may be the key to getting an acceptance in your next round of submissions. 4. Send out polished work We all know the shiny allure of a just-finished piece- which seems to lack so many of the flaws of our earlier, less sophisticated work- and in the first flush of excitement, it can be tempting to send it out for consideration. This is a strategy that makes sense for topical, nonfiction (essays and articles), especially if it intersects with the current news cycle. But for fiction and poetry, that first flush of excitement often hides fundamental flaws that you would have caught during the process of revision. When in doubt, submit your most polished work- which, in general, tends to be older. 5. Always be circulating. There are many writers who will do a big submissions push on an infrequent basis- say, once a year. One by one, the rejections roll in, and this writer lets them accrue until the piece is no longer in circulation. If this is all you can manage, great. But if you’re serious about getting published, it makes sense to observe what The Review Review terms, â€Å"the ABCs of lit mag publishing: always be circulating.† One way to achieve this goal is to submit on a one-to-one basis: for every rejection you receive, one submission goes out. (Want to level up even further? For every rejection you receive, submit to five more publications.) 6. Do your research It’s great to have big ambitions for your work. But if you’ve been submitting for a while and have only been submitting to the top-tier publications, it might be time to reconsider your publications strategy. Everyone wants to be published by The New Yorker (or Asimov’s, as the case may be). But that means everyone is submitting to these publications too. On a purely statistical basis, you owe it to yourself to check out the publications that not everyone has heard of, and to get to know their work. There are so many high-quality, lesser-known publications out there, and many of them even pay a professional rate. 7. Look for the limits Any factor that limits the number of submissions in a given slush pile is your friend. That limiting factor might be the fact that the journal is only open to submissions for a week twice a year. Or that the contest is only open to women under 35, or poets from upstate New York- or, even better female poets under 35 from upstate New York! Even as broad a category as gender has the potential to cut your competition in half- so, in surveying your submissions opportunities, look for the limits. 8. Keep track Does all of this sound like a lot to keep track of? It is. Add in the number of times you’ve submitted a piece, its word count, some key words that might help in targeting submissions, and you’ve got a whole mess of information on your hands, which is why I recommend using a spreadsheet to track your submissions. 9. Submit early We’re all busy people, which is why so many of us wait until close to the contest deadline or end of the submissions window to submit. But editors and general readers are busy people too, which is why they generally do not wait until the contest or submissions window closes to start reading, and the way they read at the beginning of their journey through the slush is not the way they read at the end. If you want to give yourself the best odds with a given contest or publication, send in your work as soon as submissions open. 10. Submit often Finally, remember that submitting is an essential activity for every writer who aspires to be an author. It pays to stay abreast of new publication opportunities as they arise, and to submit work frequently enough that you can take advantage of those opportunities whenever they come your way. Now it’s your turn. What are some of the submission strategies that have proven helpful to you? Let me know in the comments below.    An author, editor, and educator, Susan DeFreitas’s creative work has appeared in (or is forthcoming from) The Writer’s Chronicle, The Utne Reader, Story, Southwestern American Literature, and Weber- The Contemporary West, along with more than twenty other journals and anthologies. She is the author of the novel Hot Season (Harvard Square Editions), which won the 2017 Gold IPPY Award for Best Fiction of the Mountain West. She holds an MFA from Pacific University and lives in Portland, Oregon, where she serves as an editor with Indigo Editing Publications.

Social Science & Social Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Science & Social Changes - Essay Example Slowly and gradually, these cities came closer forming different nations of the world. In this way, along with the growing population, the societies grew into civilizations and prospered over hundreds of years. The social orders that initially comprised a bunch of people, with the passage of time became large communities and large nations. Now, the whole world is coming closer day by day and is becoming one big global village. The current global trend supports globalization that emphasizes on living like a one big global community. With all these changes in societies, along the course of time, there came many opportunities, new possibilities and broader horizons, but with that equally came many risks, threats, uncertainties and crises. Cultures changed and so did people. With the new developments there came better education, better health, better life style, better communication and transportation, better techniques, procedures and processes, in fact, a whole new way of life; and with passing time, this process of evolution of the societies is becoming faster and faster that the way the social changes have bombarded us in last five decades, it had never done before. If we look at the life of the human being not very different from us who lives fifty years ago, we find such huge differences that it becomes very difficult to compare. Science and technology has prospered so much that the diseases that were thought of as completely incurable can now be treated using advanced techniques and processes. Treatment of life threatening diseases like cancer or life endangering situations like failure of a vital organ of the body is now possible and thus more and more precious lives can be saved. The new researches promise better education and better learning in a vast variety of areas. Researches are being conducted in practically every field of life. Science and technology has made life so easy that many tasks can easily be accomplished by just a flick of your finger over a button so the work that used to take weeks can now be done in days. So many things that man could only dream of as something miraculous are now a part of our every day lives. Life has become automatic; automatic cars, automatic machines, automatic gizmos and gadgets, even automatic homes. All one has to

Homeland security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Homeland security - Essay Example Through various agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Department of Homeland Security is responsible to carry out a number of activities in order to make sure that there is reliable security for all citizens. Some of these activities include preparedness or training. The department has the responsibility of making sure that all citizens are ready to carry out the recommended plans in a quick and effective manner in order to respond to a disaster. The department also has the responsibility of ensuring there is an effective response in case of disaster occurrence. Effective response means that the department is obliged to ensure there is enough support to assist with managing a disaster. The other significant issue is that the department is entitled to make sure there are effective recovery programs after disaster occurrence. ... The above-mentioned activities are some of which the department has the responsibility of ensuring they are of first priority in disaster management. However, it is evident that homeland security remains eminent (Maliszewski, 2011). Various disaster management problems continue to emerge and therefore there is a significant need to address the issues that the department of Homeland Security should consider in order to ensure there is a total security in case of disaster occurrence. Research Hypothesis First Hypothesis Various disaster management problems continue to emerge and therefore there is a significant need to address the issues that the Department of Homeland Security should consider in order to ensure there is a total security in case of disaster occurrence rather than depend on the only available means to deal with disasters. Therefore, the research paper will discuss various issues that the Department of Homeland Security should give the first priority to while trying to r espond, minimize or prevent the occurrence of disasters. This will be the only way that all citizens will be secured from potential disasters and hence they will be able to participate fully in nation building. According to the hypothesis, the paper will try to identify various responsibilities that should be taken apart from the present ones in order to make sure that the issue of disaster occurrence is not a major threat in the country. Second hypothesis Non-governmental organizations have the best chance in dealing with various issues related to disaster threat and occurrence compared to government-based agencies. The government has been playing a crucial role in making sure that the issues related to disasters in the country are addressed accordingly.

The Move from Doubt to Certainty Essay Example for Free

The Move from Doubt to Certainty Essay Descartes is interested in the certainty of his existence and the existence of other people and things. Descartes beliefs vary from those of Socrates. Descartes argues that knowledge is acquired through awareness and experience. Using this approach, Descartes moves through doubt to certainty of his existence. He asks himself various questions about the certainty of his existence and solves them through clear thought and logic. Using this method Descartes establishes doubts to be truths and by the end of the book, he has established that he does indeed exist. In this paper, I will show how Descartes moves through doubt to certainty. I will explain how Descartes uses the cogito, proves the existence of God and what that means to his existence. I will also discuss the general rules of truth that Descartes establishes. In the First Meditation Descartes begins to examine what is certain and what is doubtful. Descartes wants to establish that his knowledge is certain and not doubtful. He states, I had accepted many false opinions as being true, and that what I had based on such insecure principles could only be most doubtful and uncertain; so that I had to undertake seriously once in my life to rid myself of all opinions I had adopted up to then, and to begin, and to begin afresh from the foundations, if I wished to establish something firm and constant in the sciences. (Descartes 95) By this Descartes means that he wishes to establish a foundation for his knowledge based on certainty instead of doubt. Descartes first looks at the senses. This is important because the senses are the first thing to cause doubt. He focuses on the perception of things. He says that things far from him, in the distance, give him reason to doubt their certainty, while things that are close to him are indubitable and he is clear about their certainty. However, Descartes realizes that dreams pose an obstacle to his beliefs. Even up close, dreams can be indubitable. Descartes believes that if a person has had a dream that was so intense that the person could not determine it form reality, then they have reason to doubt objects that are close to us and appear to be indubitable. In order to resolve this problem, Descartes suggests that one must examine whether they are dreaming or not. Descartes realizes that he can not rely on his senses anymore to give him dubitable truths. He turns to find something that is indubitable. Descartes tries to use science as a foundation for truth. He discards physics, astronomy, and medicine because all three of them rely upon the senses. we shall not be wrong in concluding that physics, astronomy, and medicine, and all the other sciences that depend on the consideration of composite things, are most doubtful and uncertain (Descartes 98). However, Descartes finds that such things as geometry and arithmetic can be trusted because their are no senses involved. They are based upon logic. whether I am awake or asleep, two and three added together always makes five, and a square always has four sides; and it does not seem possible that truths so apparent can be suspected of any falsity or uncertainty(98). However, Descartes finds reason to even doubt this. The only thing that could makes these truths dubitable is through the intervention by an Evil Deceiver (God). Descartes cannot prove that God is good and has to acknowledge that God has the power to deceive. Therefore, Descartes must doubt all things until he can prove their certainty. Descartes comes to call this doubt Universal Doubt. In the Second Meditation, Descartes examine the existence of himself. He concludes that if he cannot prove something exists then how does he know with certainty that he exists. It is his doubt of his existence that Descartes uses to prove his existence. Descartes realizes that if he is able to doubt then he does indeed exists. He take the approach that, I think therefore I am to establish a certainty that he exists. This idea also known as the cogito becomes the central point that Descartes will use for the remaining of his meditations. Descartes affirms his existence every time he thinks, doubts, or is persuaded(Descartes 103). Descartes affirms that if there is an Evil Deceiver then Descartes must exist because in order for God to deceive, Descartes he must first exist. Although, Descartes has proved his existence he can only prove it in the mental capacity. He does not know for certain that he exists in the physical form. The only way, at this time, that Descartes can prove the existence of his body is through his senses. He has already established that his senses are dubitable and therefore cannot tell him with certainty that his body exists. In order to get a better understanding of his relationship between his body and mind, Descartes melts a piece of wax. He observes the wax in two different states, the first in a solid form and the second in a melted form. He questions how his senses can show him two entirely different forms of the same substance; yet he knows that the substance, in both states, although completely different, is wax. The mind was able to understand the essence of the wax. Although the senses were not entirely capable of making the connection between the two forms of wax, the senses assisted the mind in determining what the substance was. This experiment proves to be important to Descartes because he is able to make a link between the senses and the mind. Using his experiment, Descartes enters his Third Meditation using his general rule of truth that all things we conceive very clearly and distinctly are true(Descartes 113). However, there is one flaw to his thoughts. If God is an evil deceiver than this cannot be true. Descartes proceeds to establish that God is good and does not deceive. Descartes uses three points to establish the existence God. These points are ideas. The first one is adventitious ideas; those ideas that come from outside experiences. The second is invented ideas; those that are derived from the imagination such as sirens and chimera. The final is innate ideas; those that are within one when they are born. Descartes uses two more points to further establish that God exists. He uses the ideas of infinite and perfect. These two ideas, Descartes cannot account for. The only way for such things to come about would be from an infinite and perfect being such as God. These ideas have a direct relationship with God. In order for a finite beings such as Descartes to have a concept of infinite it must have been planted there by an infinite being such as God. Descartes concludes this idea to be true because one cannot derive the idea of infinite by negating the finite(Descartes 125). An example of this would be the use of a number line. The number line will never be able to illustrate infinity. One could negate every number on a number line and still not arrive at infinity. Therefore, Descartes concludes that God does exist and therefore is not an evil deceiver. Because God has supplied us with the innate ideas of perfection and infinity, God, therefore, must be infinite and perfect. Descartes states that, Whence it is clear enough that he cannot be a deceiver, for the natural light teaches us that deceit stems necessarily from some defect(Descartes 131). Since God is perfect he is not an evil deceiver. It is important to realize that by the time Descartes has reached his Fourth Meditation he has proved three important things. The first is that doubt is not universal. The second is that there is a general rule of truth. The third is that God exists and cannot be an evil deceiver. However, Descartes raises a question: If God exists and cannot be an evil deceiver then why are humans imperfect and perpetually making errors? Descartes explains this through the explanation of free will. Descartes states that God has given all humans free will. This is the cause of human error. Because we have free will, humans are able to make choices and decisions free from the influence of God. Sometimes free will interferes with Gods ability to help humans and therefore humans sometimes make poor decisions. If God did not give humans free will than God would play a direct role in every decision made by humans. It is because God gives humans free will that allows for human error. Descartes Fifth and Sixth Meditations begins with the establishment of his remaining doubts and the application of what he has discovered. The first question deals with the essence of color, mathematical, and geometrical truths. The second is the existence of people and things. The third is determining the difference between dreams and reality. Descartes reiterates that God is not an evil deceiver and therefore he can clearly conceive something to be true. He reiterates that if he conceives God correctly then God is perfect. Imperfection is not compatible with Gods omnipotence. A non-existent thing cannot be perfect. Even a non-existent perfect thing is imperfect and all perfect things are perfect. Descartes also restates that a perfect thing cannot deceive. With this knowledge, Descartes proceeds to solve his second problem. The existence of corporeal(physical things) exist with certainty. Since God is not an evil deceiver, the idea of physical things is accurate. Although some perceptions will still be blurry and may confuse Descartes objects do indeed exist. He concludes that he just has to be more judgmental of those perceptions. But as concerns other things, which are either only particular, as,, for example, that the sun is of such a size and shape, etc. , or are perceived less clearly and distinctly, as in the case of light, sound and pain and so on, although they are very doubtful and uncertain, nevertheless, from the fact alone that God is not a deceiver, and has consequently permitted no falsity in my opinions (Descartes 158) Descartes now knows for certain that he has a body. Descartes realizes that, I have a body, which is ill disposed when I feel pain, which needs to eat and drink when I have feelings of hunger or thirst etc. (Descartes 159). Because of these feeling that Descartes has and because God is not an evil deceiver than Descartes is indeed lodged in a body and is an entire entity with it. Descartes finally analyzes his third doubt. He now has the ability to distinguish between being awake and dreaming. When we are awake, Descartes states, are mind flows in an uninterrupted, continuous sequence. When we are dreaming, our mind does not flow in a consistent, and undisturbed sequence. When a person has a break in the consistency of events, they are dreaming. when I perceive things which I clearly know both the place they come from and that in which they are, and the time at which they appear to me, and when, without any interruption, I can link the perception I have of them with the whole of the rest of my life, I am fully assured that it is not in sleep that I am perceiving them but while I am awake(Descartes 168) After establishing certainty to his doubts, Descartes states, And I must reject all the doubts of the last few days as hyperbolic and ridiculous, particularly the general uncertainty about sleep, which I could not distinguish for a wakeful state (Descartes 168). With that Descartes concludes his meditations and uncertainties. Although Descartes makes a sound argument there were some people that disagreed with his theories. One of those people was John Locke. The beliefs of Locke, who was an empiricists, were similar to those of the Sophist during the time of Socrates. He argued that when a person was born their mind was empty. A person obtained knowledge through experiences. He also felt that if a person misinterpreted an experience it could lead to doubt or skepticism. Locke tries to prove Descartes wrong by saying that there are no innate ideas. He states that by understanding our own mind we can deter doubt. Locke proposes three separate possibilities about truth. The first is that there is no such thing as truth. The second is that there is no way to obtain truth. The third reason is that we can understand implied things but not be absolutely certain about them. Locke believed that we never deal with certainty and everyday we deal with possibility. and it will be unpardonable, as well as childish peevishness, if we undervalue the advantage of our knowledge and neglect to improve it to ends for which it has given us, because there are some things that are set out of the reach of it. (Locke 57). Locke states that not all innate ideas come from natural ability. He says that a universal consent does not prove innate ideas. They could arise from experience. Locke supports this theory by saying that innate ideas are neither in children nor idiots. If these ideas were innate then everyone would have them. He further states that mathematical truths are learned from experience and are not innate ideas. Descartes and Locke were two men with completely different views. They each set out to prove their own existence in a different fashion. Although they do not agree with each other, each one of them presents a clear and intelligent argument. It is these arguments that have encouraged the human race to consider the possibility of existence long after the death of Descartes and Locke. People will continue to debate their viewpoints for years to come and maybe, one day we will know the meaning of existence.

Ineffectiveness of Communism Exposed in Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

At one level, George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm† is an entertaining fable of an animal revolution in England. However, beneath this innocent storyline lie several bleak invited readings presented through textual features such as literary devices, characters and events which parallel the Bolshevik Revolution. These readings, achieved through marginalising certain information and privileging other information, lead readers to adopt a pessimistic attitude toward particular groups and political ideologies. Among Orwell’s invited readings are the tendency of communist governments to become corrupt, the abuse of extensive authority and the effectiveness of propaganda. Throughout â€Å"Animal Farm†, Orwell leads readers to view communism pessimistically by suggesting that communist governments are hypocritical and violate ethical principles. Communism is founded upon beliefs of freedom and equality. Indeed, when Old Major paints vivid pictures of animals living freely, he also points out that â€Å"no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind† and that â€Å"all animals are equal† (p.6). However, later in the novella, the pigs, having established themselves as the upper class, reign supreme. The pigs force the other animals to labour endlessly while they lead lives of luxury. Their oppression culminates at the modification of the final commandment to â€Å"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others† (p.85). Despite Old Major’s dream of liberation and equality for all animals, democracy fails to materialise at Animal Farm. Here, Orwell’s text suggests that communism often becomes corrupt and violates the principles that founded it, leading readers to view communism negatively. This is reinforced when Orwell draws parallels between the corruption of Animal Farm and the corruption of the ideals of the Russian Revolution. Rivals for Soviet leadership Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin are burlesqued by Snowball and Napoleon respectively. Privileged readers who are aware of the events in the Russian Revolution comprehend the irony and are thus presented with two communist governments that failed. Consequently, readers are led to believe that communism rarely works. While communism may be an unsuccessful form of government, its disastrous effects were worsened by extensive authority in the hands of corrupt leaders. Orwell privileges the concept that the vices of leaders possessing extensive authority are reflected in the society which they govern. Napoleon, who is the leader of Animal Farm, is naturally selfish. This trait is exhibited when Napoleon and the pigs lead luxurious lives while the other animals live in poverty. For example, after Mr Jones is overthrown: â€Å"it was agreed that the milk and the windfall apples†¦should be reserved for the pigs alone† (p.