Free Essays on History As Mystery

History as mystery Prologue - page xv A dissenting view invites us to test the prevailing explanations and open ourselves to neglected ones. Through this clash of viewpoints we have a better chance of moving toward a closer approximation of historical truth. Dissidents (or revisionists, as they have been called) are not drifting with the mainstream but swimming against it, struggling against the prevailing range of respectable opinion. They are deprived of what Alvin Gouldner called "the background assumptions," the implicit, unexamined. but commonly embraced notions that invite self-confirming acceptance because of their conformity to what is already accepted as properly true. This established familiarity and unanimity of bias is frequently treated as "objectivity." For this reason dissidents are constantly having to defend themselves and argue closely from the evidence. In contrast, orthodoxy can rest on its own unstated axioms and mystifications, remaining heedless of marginalized critics who are denied a means of reaching mass audiences. Orthodoxy promotes its views through the unexamined repetition that comes with monopoly control of the major communication and educational systems. In sum, while dissidents can make mistakes of their own, they are less likely to go unchallenged for it. Not so with orthodoxy. It remains the most insidious form of ideology for it parades the dominant view as the objective one, the only plausible and credible one. *** p5 ... it is a matter of public record that a tiny portion of the population controls the lion's share of the wealth and most of the command positions of state, manufacturing, banking, investment, publishing, higher education, philanthropy, and media. And while not totally immune to popular pressures, these individuals exercise a preponderant influence over what is passed off as public information and democratic discourse. The ruling class is the politically active component of th... Free Essays on History As Mystery Free Essays on History As Mystery History as mystery Prologue - page xv A dissenting view invites us to test the prevailing explanations and open ourselves to neglected ones. Through this clash of viewpoints we have a better chance of moving toward a closer approximation of historical truth. Dissidents (or revisionists, as they have been called) are not drifting with the mainstream but swimming against it, struggling against the prevailing range of respectable opinion. They are deprived of what Alvin Gouldner called "the background assumptions," the implicit, unexamined. but commonly embraced notions that invite self-confirming acceptance because of their conformity to what is already accepted as properly true. This established familiarity and unanimity of bias is frequently treated as "objectivity." For this reason dissidents are constantly having to defend themselves and argue closely from the evidence. In contrast, orthodoxy can rest on its own unstated axioms and mystifications, remaining heedless of marginalized critics who are denied a means of reaching mass audiences. Orthodoxy promotes its views through the unexamined repetition that comes with monopoly control of the major communication and educational systems. In sum, while dissidents can make mistakes of their own, they are less likely to go unchallenged for it. Not so with orthodoxy. It remains the most insidious form of ideology for it parades the dominant view as the objective one, the only plausible and credible one. *** p5 ... it is a matter of public record that a tiny portion of the population controls the lion's share of the wealth and most of the command positions of state, manufacturing, banking, investment, publishing, higher education, philanthropy, and media. And while not totally immune to popular pressures, these individuals exercise a preponderant influence over what is passed off as public information and democratic discourse. The ruling class is the politically active component of th...

10 Writing Submission Strategies to Get You Published - Freewrite Store

10 Writing Submission Strategies to Get You Published - Freewrite Store Today’s guest post is by editor and author Susan DeFreitas (@manzanitafire), whose debut novel, Hot Season, won the 2017 Gold IPPY Award for Best Fiction of the Mountain-West.       Some of the most brilliant writers fail to get published, and not because their work isn’t ready for publication, but because they fail to submit their work. Maybe you’re one of them. Or maybe you’re one of those who submits a short story, essay, or query once in a blue moon, hoping for the best (but, more likely than not, getting rejected). Or maybe you’ve developed a more systematic approach to submissions, but still have yet to break through with the byline or book deal you’ve been aiming for. It might be that your work isn’t ready yet for publication; on the other hand, it might be that your current submissions strategy isn’t working. In my 20+ years as a writer, and close to 10 now as an editor, I’ve learned a few things about the submissions process, and a few things about publishing too- and it’s my hope that what I’ve learned will help you develop a more efficient, more effective submissions strategy. 1. Double up Publishing is, at its heart, a numbers game; most literary journals and magazines receive a thousand or more submissions a year, with acceptance rates hovering between .5 and 2.5 percent. Those numbers should make it clear that in order to get results, no matter how brilliant your submission may be, you need to have your work under consideration in many different places. (Most literary journals allow for simultaneous submissions, which makes this easier; most genre magazines do not.) Of course, there are only so many hours in the day, week, month, and year, and if you’re already overloaded with other obligations, the responsibility to submit your work can seem overwhelming- even paralyzing. But there’s a simple trick to avoid that sort of paralysis: however many submissions you tend to have out at a time, double it. That means, if you have nothing currently under consideration, submit one thing; if you have a piece under consideration by five publications, submit to five more. 2. Follow up New writers tend to take rejection hard; more experienced writers hardly notice it. But if you don’t take the time to read your rejections carefully, you may miss the fact it has been rejected with regrets. This is one of those â€Å"nice† rejections; it might mention that while the editors enjoyed the piece, they ultimately decided that it wasn’t right for their publication. Rejections like this often come with an invitation to submit more work. These kind of rejections can sting, sometimes more than the standard form letter (so close!). But it’s important to realize what the nice rejection letter really means. Kate Winterheimer, the founding editor of The Masters Review, notes that she has published many authors who had been previously rejected many times. â€Å"I can’t emphasize enough that continuing to submit to the same literary magazine is something you absolutely should do,† she says. â€Å"It’s terrible to think they might not submit to us again when their work is so close and such a strong fit, but has otherwise been beat out by other stories. We’ve published several authors who first received rejections from us.† If you love a publication, and the editors there love you, keep sending them your work. 3. Periodically revise If you stopped to edit your work each and every time you sat down to send it out, you’d never send it out at all. (Writers are notorious perfectionists.) But if you’ve collected five or ten rejections on a piece, it might be time to revisit the piece with newer, fresher eyes and see if it might benefit from revision That revision might be structural- for instance, a new ending- or it might be cosmetic (almost any piece can benefit from a nip and tuck here and there). Either way, revisiting the piece may be the key to getting an acceptance in your next round of submissions. 4. Send out polished work We all know the shiny allure of a just-finished piece- which seems to lack so many of the flaws of our earlier, less sophisticated work- and in the first flush of excitement, it can be tempting to send it out for consideration. This is a strategy that makes sense for topical, nonfiction (essays and articles), especially if it intersects with the current news cycle. But for fiction and poetry, that first flush of excitement often hides fundamental flaws that you would have caught during the process of revision. When in doubt, submit your most polished work- which, in general, tends to be older. 5. Always be circulating. There are many writers who will do a big submissions push on an infrequent basis- say, once a year. One by one, the rejections roll in, and this writer lets them accrue until the piece is no longer in circulation. If this is all you can manage, great. But if you’re serious about getting published, it makes sense to observe what The Review Review terms, â€Å"the ABCs of lit mag publishing: always be circulating.† One way to achieve this goal is to submit on a one-to-one basis: for every rejection you receive, one submission goes out. (Want to level up even further? For every rejection you receive, submit to five more publications.) 6. Do your research It’s great to have big ambitions for your work. But if you’ve been submitting for a while and have only been submitting to the top-tier publications, it might be time to reconsider your publications strategy. Everyone wants to be published by The New Yorker (or Asimov’s, as the case may be). But that means everyone is submitting to these publications too. On a purely statistical basis, you owe it to yourself to check out the publications that not everyone has heard of, and to get to know their work. There are so many high-quality, lesser-known publications out there, and many of them even pay a professional rate. 7. Look for the limits Any factor that limits the number of submissions in a given slush pile is your friend. That limiting factor might be the fact that the journal is only open to submissions for a week twice a year. Or that the contest is only open to women under 35, or poets from upstate New York- or, even better female poets under 35 from upstate New York! Even as broad a category as gender has the potential to cut your competition in half- so, in surveying your submissions opportunities, look for the limits. 8. Keep track Does all of this sound like a lot to keep track of? It is. Add in the number of times you’ve submitted a piece, its word count, some key words that might help in targeting submissions, and you’ve got a whole mess of information on your hands, which is why I recommend using a spreadsheet to track your submissions. 9. Submit early We’re all busy people, which is why so many of us wait until close to the contest deadline or end of the submissions window to submit. But editors and general readers are busy people too, which is why they generally do not wait until the contest or submissions window closes to start reading, and the way they read at the beginning of their journey through the slush is not the way they read at the end. If you want to give yourself the best odds with a given contest or publication, send in your work as soon as submissions open. 10. Submit often Finally, remember that submitting is an essential activity for every writer who aspires to be an author. It pays to stay abreast of new publication opportunities as they arise, and to submit work frequently enough that you can take advantage of those opportunities whenever they come your way. Now it’s your turn. What are some of the submission strategies that have proven helpful to you? Let me know in the comments below.    An author, editor, and educator, Susan DeFreitas’s creative work has appeared in (or is forthcoming from) The Writer’s Chronicle, The Utne Reader, Story, Southwestern American Literature, and Weber- The Contemporary West, along with more than twenty other journals and anthologies. She is the author of the novel Hot Season (Harvard Square Editions), which won the 2017 Gold IPPY Award for Best Fiction of the Mountain West. She holds an MFA from Pacific University and lives in Portland, Oregon, where she serves as an editor with Indigo Editing Publications.

Social Science & Social Changes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Science & Social Changes - Essay Example Slowly and gradually, these cities came closer forming different nations of the world. In this way, along with the growing population, the societies grew into civilizations and prospered over hundreds of years. The social orders that initially comprised a bunch of people, with the passage of time became large communities and large nations. Now, the whole world is coming closer day by day and is becoming one big global village. The current global trend supports globalization that emphasizes on living like a one big global community. With all these changes in societies, along the course of time, there came many opportunities, new possibilities and broader horizons, but with that equally came many risks, threats, uncertainties and crises. Cultures changed and so did people. With the new developments there came better education, better health, better life style, better communication and transportation, better techniques, procedures and processes, in fact, a whole new way of life; and with passing time, this process of evolution of the societies is becoming faster and faster that the way the social changes have bombarded us in last five decades, it had never done before. If we look at the life of the human being not very different from us who lives fifty years ago, we find such huge differences that it becomes very difficult to compare. Science and technology has prospered so much that the diseases that were thought of as completely incurable can now be treated using advanced techniques and processes. Treatment of life threatening diseases like cancer or life endangering situations like failure of a vital organ of the body is now possible and thus more and more precious lives can be saved. The new researches promise better education and better learning in a vast variety of areas. Researches are being conducted in practically every field of life. Science and technology has made life so easy that many tasks can easily be accomplished by just a flick of your finger over a button so the work that used to take weeks can now be done in days. So many things that man could only dream of as something miraculous are now a part of our every day lives. Life has become automatic; automatic cars, automatic machines, automatic gizmos and gadgets, even automatic homes. All one has to

Homeland security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Homeland security - Essay Example Through various agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Department of Homeland Security is responsible to carry out a number of activities in order to make sure that there is reliable security for all citizens. Some of these activities include preparedness or training. The department has the responsibility of making sure that all citizens are ready to carry out the recommended plans in a quick and effective manner in order to respond to a disaster. The department also has the responsibility of ensuring there is an effective response in case of disaster occurrence. Effective response means that the department is obliged to ensure there is enough support to assist with managing a disaster. The other significant issue is that the department is entitled to make sure there are effective recovery programs after disaster occurrence. ... The above-mentioned activities are some of which the department has the responsibility of ensuring they are of first priority in disaster management. However, it is evident that homeland security remains eminent (Maliszewski, 2011). Various disaster management problems continue to emerge and therefore there is a significant need to address the issues that the department of Homeland Security should consider in order to ensure there is a total security in case of disaster occurrence. Research Hypothesis First Hypothesis Various disaster management problems continue to emerge and therefore there is a significant need to address the issues that the Department of Homeland Security should consider in order to ensure there is a total security in case of disaster occurrence rather than depend on the only available means to deal with disasters. Therefore, the research paper will discuss various issues that the Department of Homeland Security should give the first priority to while trying to r espond, minimize or prevent the occurrence of disasters. This will be the only way that all citizens will be secured from potential disasters and hence they will be able to participate fully in nation building. According to the hypothesis, the paper will try to identify various responsibilities that should be taken apart from the present ones in order to make sure that the issue of disaster occurrence is not a major threat in the country. Second hypothesis Non-governmental organizations have the best chance in dealing with various issues related to disaster threat and occurrence compared to government-based agencies. The government has been playing a crucial role in making sure that the issues related to disasters in the country are addressed accordingly.

The Move from Doubt to Certainty Essay Example for Free

The Move from Doubt to Certainty Essay Descartes is interested in the certainty of his existence and the existence of other people and things. Descartes beliefs vary from those of Socrates. Descartes argues that knowledge is acquired through awareness and experience. Using this approach, Descartes moves through doubt to certainty of his existence. He asks himself various questions about the certainty of his existence and solves them through clear thought and logic. Using this method Descartes establishes doubts to be truths and by the end of the book, he has established that he does indeed exist. In this paper, I will show how Descartes moves through doubt to certainty. I will explain how Descartes uses the cogito, proves the existence of God and what that means to his existence. I will also discuss the general rules of truth that Descartes establishes. In the First Meditation Descartes begins to examine what is certain and what is doubtful. Descartes wants to establish that his knowledge is certain and not doubtful. He states, I had accepted many false opinions as being true, and that what I had based on such insecure principles could only be most doubtful and uncertain; so that I had to undertake seriously once in my life to rid myself of all opinions I had adopted up to then, and to begin, and to begin afresh from the foundations, if I wished to establish something firm and constant in the sciences. (Descartes 95) By this Descartes means that he wishes to establish a foundation for his knowledge based on certainty instead of doubt. Descartes first looks at the senses. This is important because the senses are the first thing to cause doubt. He focuses on the perception of things. He says that things far from him, in the distance, give him reason to doubt their certainty, while things that are close to him are indubitable and he is clear about their certainty. However, Descartes realizes that dreams pose an obstacle to his beliefs. Even up close, dreams can be indubitable. Descartes believes that if a person has had a dream that was so intense that the person could not determine it form reality, then they have reason to doubt objects that are close to us and appear to be indubitable. In order to resolve this problem, Descartes suggests that one must examine whether they are dreaming or not. Descartes realizes that he can not rely on his senses anymore to give him dubitable truths. He turns to find something that is indubitable. Descartes tries to use science as a foundation for truth. He discards physics, astronomy, and medicine because all three of them rely upon the senses. we shall not be wrong in concluding that physics, astronomy, and medicine, and all the other sciences that depend on the consideration of composite things, are most doubtful and uncertain (Descartes 98). However, Descartes finds that such things as geometry and arithmetic can be trusted because their are no senses involved. They are based upon logic. whether I am awake or asleep, two and three added together always makes five, and a square always has four sides; and it does not seem possible that truths so apparent can be suspected of any falsity or uncertainty(98). However, Descartes finds reason to even doubt this. The only thing that could makes these truths dubitable is through the intervention by an Evil Deceiver (God). Descartes cannot prove that God is good and has to acknowledge that God has the power to deceive. Therefore, Descartes must doubt all things until he can prove their certainty. Descartes comes to call this doubt Universal Doubt. In the Second Meditation, Descartes examine the existence of himself. He concludes that if he cannot prove something exists then how does he know with certainty that he exists. It is his doubt of his existence that Descartes uses to prove his existence. Descartes realizes that if he is able to doubt then he does indeed exists. He take the approach that, I think therefore I am to establish a certainty that he exists. This idea also known as the cogito becomes the central point that Descartes will use for the remaining of his meditations. Descartes affirms his existence every time he thinks, doubts, or is persuaded(Descartes 103). Descartes affirms that if there is an Evil Deceiver then Descartes must exist because in order for God to deceive, Descartes he must first exist. Although, Descartes has proved his existence he can only prove it in the mental capacity. He does not know for certain that he exists in the physical form. The only way, at this time, that Descartes can prove the existence of his body is through his senses. He has already established that his senses are dubitable and therefore cannot tell him with certainty that his body exists. In order to get a better understanding of his relationship between his body and mind, Descartes melts a piece of wax. He observes the wax in two different states, the first in a solid form and the second in a melted form. He questions how his senses can show him two entirely different forms of the same substance; yet he knows that the substance, in both states, although completely different, is wax. The mind was able to understand the essence of the wax. Although the senses were not entirely capable of making the connection between the two forms of wax, the senses assisted the mind in determining what the substance was. This experiment proves to be important to Descartes because he is able to make a link between the senses and the mind. Using his experiment, Descartes enters his Third Meditation using his general rule of truth that all things we conceive very clearly and distinctly are true(Descartes 113). However, there is one flaw to his thoughts. If God is an evil deceiver than this cannot be true. Descartes proceeds to establish that God is good and does not deceive. Descartes uses three points to establish the existence God. These points are ideas. The first one is adventitious ideas; those ideas that come from outside experiences. The second is invented ideas; those that are derived from the imagination such as sirens and chimera. The final is innate ideas; those that are within one when they are born. Descartes uses two more points to further establish that God exists. He uses the ideas of infinite and perfect. These two ideas, Descartes cannot account for. The only way for such things to come about would be from an infinite and perfect being such as God. These ideas have a direct relationship with God. In order for a finite beings such as Descartes to have a concept of infinite it must have been planted there by an infinite being such as God. Descartes concludes this idea to be true because one cannot derive the idea of infinite by negating the finite(Descartes 125). An example of this would be the use of a number line. The number line will never be able to illustrate infinity. One could negate every number on a number line and still not arrive at infinity. Therefore, Descartes concludes that God does exist and therefore is not an evil deceiver. Because God has supplied us with the innate ideas of perfection and infinity, God, therefore, must be infinite and perfect. Descartes states that, Whence it is clear enough that he cannot be a deceiver, for the natural light teaches us that deceit stems necessarily from some defect(Descartes 131). Since God is perfect he is not an evil deceiver. It is important to realize that by the time Descartes has reached his Fourth Meditation he has proved three important things. The first is that doubt is not universal. The second is that there is a general rule of truth. The third is that God exists and cannot be an evil deceiver. However, Descartes raises a question: If God exists and cannot be an evil deceiver then why are humans imperfect and perpetually making errors? Descartes explains this through the explanation of free will. Descartes states that God has given all humans free will. This is the cause of human error. Because we have free will, humans are able to make choices and decisions free from the influence of God. Sometimes free will interferes with Gods ability to help humans and therefore humans sometimes make poor decisions. If God did not give humans free will than God would play a direct role in every decision made by humans. It is because God gives humans free will that allows for human error. Descartes Fifth and Sixth Meditations begins with the establishment of his remaining doubts and the application of what he has discovered. The first question deals with the essence of color, mathematical, and geometrical truths. The second is the existence of people and things. The third is determining the difference between dreams and reality. Descartes reiterates that God is not an evil deceiver and therefore he can clearly conceive something to be true. He reiterates that if he conceives God correctly then God is perfect. Imperfection is not compatible with Gods omnipotence. A non-existent thing cannot be perfect. Even a non-existent perfect thing is imperfect and all perfect things are perfect. Descartes also restates that a perfect thing cannot deceive. With this knowledge, Descartes proceeds to solve his second problem. The existence of corporeal(physical things) exist with certainty. Since God is not an evil deceiver, the idea of physical things is accurate. Although some perceptions will still be blurry and may confuse Descartes objects do indeed exist. He concludes that he just has to be more judgmental of those perceptions. But as concerns other things, which are either only particular, as,, for example, that the sun is of such a size and shape, etc. , or are perceived less clearly and distinctly, as in the case of light, sound and pain and so on, although they are very doubtful and uncertain, nevertheless, from the fact alone that God is not a deceiver, and has consequently permitted no falsity in my opinions (Descartes 158) Descartes now knows for certain that he has a body. Descartes realizes that, I have a body, which is ill disposed when I feel pain, which needs to eat and drink when I have feelings of hunger or thirst etc. (Descartes 159). Because of these feeling that Descartes has and because God is not an evil deceiver than Descartes is indeed lodged in a body and is an entire entity with it. Descartes finally analyzes his third doubt. He now has the ability to distinguish between being awake and dreaming. When we are awake, Descartes states, are mind flows in an uninterrupted, continuous sequence. When we are dreaming, our mind does not flow in a consistent, and undisturbed sequence. When a person has a break in the consistency of events, they are dreaming. when I perceive things which I clearly know both the place they come from and that in which they are, and the time at which they appear to me, and when, without any interruption, I can link the perception I have of them with the whole of the rest of my life, I am fully assured that it is not in sleep that I am perceiving them but while I am awake(Descartes 168) After establishing certainty to his doubts, Descartes states, And I must reject all the doubts of the last few days as hyperbolic and ridiculous, particularly the general uncertainty about sleep, which I could not distinguish for a wakeful state (Descartes 168). With that Descartes concludes his meditations and uncertainties. Although Descartes makes a sound argument there were some people that disagreed with his theories. One of those people was John Locke. The beliefs of Locke, who was an empiricists, were similar to those of the Sophist during the time of Socrates. He argued that when a person was born their mind was empty. A person obtained knowledge through experiences. He also felt that if a person misinterpreted an experience it could lead to doubt or skepticism. Locke tries to prove Descartes wrong by saying that there are no innate ideas. He states that by understanding our own mind we can deter doubt. Locke proposes three separate possibilities about truth. The first is that there is no such thing as truth. The second is that there is no way to obtain truth. The third reason is that we can understand implied things but not be absolutely certain about them. Locke believed that we never deal with certainty and everyday we deal with possibility. and it will be unpardonable, as well as childish peevishness, if we undervalue the advantage of our knowledge and neglect to improve it to ends for which it has given us, because there are some things that are set out of the reach of it. (Locke 57). Locke states that not all innate ideas come from natural ability. He says that a universal consent does not prove innate ideas. They could arise from experience. Locke supports this theory by saying that innate ideas are neither in children nor idiots. If these ideas were innate then everyone would have them. He further states that mathematical truths are learned from experience and are not innate ideas. Descartes and Locke were two men with completely different views. They each set out to prove their own existence in a different fashion. Although they do not agree with each other, each one of them presents a clear and intelligent argument. It is these arguments that have encouraged the human race to consider the possibility of existence long after the death of Descartes and Locke. People will continue to debate their viewpoints for years to come and maybe, one day we will know the meaning of existence.

Ineffectiveness of Communism Exposed in Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

At one level, George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm† is an entertaining fable of an animal revolution in England. However, beneath this innocent storyline lie several bleak invited readings presented through textual features such as literary devices, characters and events which parallel the Bolshevik Revolution. These readings, achieved through marginalising certain information and privileging other information, lead readers to adopt a pessimistic attitude toward particular groups and political ideologies. Among Orwell’s invited readings are the tendency of communist governments to become corrupt, the abuse of extensive authority and the effectiveness of propaganda. Throughout â€Å"Animal Farm†, Orwell leads readers to view communism pessimistically by suggesting that communist governments are hypocritical and violate ethical principles. Communism is founded upon beliefs of freedom and equality. Indeed, when Old Major paints vivid pictures of animals living freely, he also points out that â€Å"no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind† and that â€Å"all animals are equal† (p.6). However, later in the novella, the pigs, having established themselves as the upper class, reign supreme. The pigs force the other animals to labour endlessly while they lead lives of luxury. Their oppression culminates at the modification of the final commandment to â€Å"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others† (p.85). Despite Old Major’s dream of liberation and equality for all animals, democracy fails to materialise at Animal Farm. Here, Orwell’s text suggests that communism often becomes corrupt and violates the principles that founded it, leading readers to view communism negatively. This is reinforced when Orwell draws parallels between the corruption of Animal Farm and the corruption of the ideals of the Russian Revolution. Rivals for Soviet leadership Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin are burlesqued by Snowball and Napoleon respectively. Privileged readers who are aware of the events in the Russian Revolution comprehend the irony and are thus presented with two communist governments that failed. Consequently, readers are led to believe that communism rarely works. While communism may be an unsuccessful form of government, its disastrous effects were worsened by extensive authority in the hands of corrupt leaders. Orwell privileges the concept that the vices of leaders possessing extensive authority are reflected in the society which they govern. Napoleon, who is the leader of Animal Farm, is naturally selfish. This trait is exhibited when Napoleon and the pigs lead luxurious lives while the other animals live in poverty. For example, after Mr Jones is overthrown: â€Å"it was agreed that the milk and the windfall apples†¦should be reserved for the pigs alone† (p.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Section A: COMPULSORY Answer ALL questions 1-12 1. A resistance temperature device has a resistance R0 = 100 ? at 0o C. If the resistance RT = 197. 7 ? in an oil bath, what is the temperature of the oil in the bath, given that RT = R0(1+? T)? Take R0 = 100 ? R0 = resistance at 0o C ? = 3. 9083 x 10-3 /o C (2 marks) NDE Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Exam 2008 Name: _______________________________________ Read all the instructions before starting Do not open this paper until instructed Time allowed: 2 hours (plus 5 minutes reading time) Attempt ALL question in Section A (questions 1 – 12) Attempt any TWO from Section B (questions 13-15) Answer the questions in the spaces provided on the question paper. Use the back of the previous page if required. If you attempted all three questions in section B, then cross out the question you don’t want marked. The marker will mark the first 2 questions not crossed out. Show all relevant working. Marks will be awarded for method as well as correct answers Add your name to the top of this page 3. A steel shaft has a diameter of 25. 0 mm at 20 °C. A brass retaining collar has an internal diameter 24. 95 mm at the same temperature. If the shaft is cooled to 0 °C, find the temperature to which the retaining collar must be heated if is to have a clearance of 0. 10 mm when it is fitted to the shaft. Take ? Steel = 12 x 10-6 /oCand ? Brass = 19 x 10-6 /oC. (4 marks) 2. A steel casting (C = 460 J/kgK) of mass 2. 4 kg is cooled from 350 °C by placing in a container of 12 kg of water (C = 4200 J/kgK) at 18 °C. Assuming no heat is transferred to the container, calculate the final temperature. (4 marks) Instructions: Attachments: Marking: Formulae, saturated water tables Individual marks are shown on each question. There are a total of 70 marks representing 50% of your final mark in this subject. A minimum of 40% in this exam is a requirement for course completion Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 2 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 4. Heat was added to 10 kg of saturated liquid water at a pressure of 2 bar at the rate of 20 kW for 10 minutes. Given the following information from the saturated water table, and assuming perfect insulation: hf = 505 kJ/kg, hfg = 2202 kJ/kg, hg = 2707 kJ/kg, Ts = 120. 2 °C a. Find the dryness fraction of the steam after the initial 10 minutes. (4 marks) 5. For the complete combustion of acetylene, C2H2: a. Write down the balanced combustion equation (2 marks) b. Determine the stoichiometric air to fuel mass ratio (5 marks) Atomic weights: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, N = 14 Air composition: 23% oxygen, 77% nitrogen (by mass) . Calculate the time (in minutes and seconds) for which the steam must be heated at the same rate in order to become fully dry. (3 marks) 6. Prepare a labelled sketch of a manometer inclined at 5o to a horizontal datum. If the manometer contains oil with a density of 800 kg / m3, and a change in the pressure applied to it is 50 Pa, find the oil deflection in mm. (4 ma rks) O f il de lect ion 5o Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 3 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 4 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 7. Explain for the Seebeck effect and how it may be applied to temperature measurement. (3 marks) 10. Find the total heat transfer, per m2, through the wall shown below. Neglect radiation. Air temperature –5 °C h = 10 W/m2K Brick 70 mm thick k = 2. 3 W/mK Air Gap R = 1. 5 m2K/W (5 marks) Surface temperature 25 °C Gib 9 mm k = 0. 1 W/mK 8. The non-flow energy equation is given as Q – W= ? U. State the equation as it applies to: a. Isothermal b. Polytropic, and c. Adiabatic processes . (3 marks) 9. 50 litres of oxygen at 200C has a pressure of 850 kPa (abs). Find the pressure if its volume is reduced to 100 litres at: a. constant temperature Batts R = 2. 2 b. 850C 11. A chilly bin is 400 mm long, 200 mm high, 200 mm deep and is made from material 2 cm thick with a coefficient of thermal conductivity of 0. 028. The chilly bin contains ice – how much ice will melt in eigh t hours if the ambient air temperature is 300C? Take enthalpy of fusion for water as 335 kJ/kg. (5 marks) (5 marks) Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 5 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 6 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering 12. Air is compressed from 99 kPaABS, 20 °C and 1. 5 litres to a volume of 0. 2 litres (5 marks) according to the law PV1. 25 = C. Find the following; a. Determine the mass of the gas Section B Answer any TWO questions from questions 13-15 13. A steam pipe is 75 mm external diameter and is 80 m long. It conveys steam at a rate of 1000 kg/h at a pressure of 2 Mpa. The steam enters the pipe with a dryness fraction of 0. 8 and is to leave the pipe with a dryness of not less than 0. 96. The pipe must be insulated – the material to be used has a thermal coefficient of conductivity of 0. 08 W/mK. If the temperature drop across the pipe is negligible, find the minimum thickness of insulation required to meet the conditions. The temperature at the outer surface of the insulation is 27 0C. (10 marks ) b. Determine the final pressure c. Determine the final temperature End of Compulsory section. Answer only TWO of the remaining questions. Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 7 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 8 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Answer question 13 here 14. A one-shell-pass, eight-tube-passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerine from 25oC to 60oC at mass flow rate of 3000 kg /h. The heating liquid is water which enters the thin-walled, 12 mm diameter tubes at 90oC with a mass flow rate of 26 kg / min. On the shell side the convective heat transfer coefficient is 2000 W / m2 K and on the water side the corresponding value is 2400 W / m2K. After some time in operation a fouling factor of 0. 0004 m2 K / W develops on the outer tube surfaces. Take cGLYCERINE = 2. 43 kJ / kg K and cWATER = 4. 2 kJ / kg K. Calculate: Glycerine in Water Glycerine out a. The rate of heat transfer in the device before fouling occurs. (1 mark) b. Outlet temperature of water. (2 marks) c. Log mean temperature difference (LMTD). (2 marks) d. Coefficient of heat transfer after fouling has developed. (2 marks) e. Total length of tube required, using â€Å"dirty† coefficient of heat transfer (3 marks) Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 9 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 10 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Answer question 14 here Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 11 Thermo exam November 2008 final . doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 12 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Answer question 15 here 15. Argon gas flows steadily through a turbine. The flow is entirely adiabatic. Entry conditions are 900 kPaABS at 450o C with a velocity of 80 m/s through an inlet measuring 75 mm x 80 mm. Argon leaves the turbine at 150 kPaABS at a velocity of 150 m/s. Work output from the turbine is 250 kW. Given the following ideal gas properties for argon R = 208. 1 J /kg K and cp = 520. 3 J /kg K, find: a. Mass flow of argon Inlet 75 mm x 80 mm p = 900 kPaABS T = 450oC V = 80 m/s 250 kW p = 150 kPaABS V = 150 m/s (3 marks) b. Outlet temperature of the gas. Assume change of height negligible. 7 marks) Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 13 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 14 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Extra page for working if required Saturated water properties Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep -08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 15 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 16 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Formulary PV = mRT Q kA't x P1V 1 = P2 V 2 T1 T2 Saturated water properties P V1n 1 P 2 V2 n n 1 Q hA't A't R T1 T2  §P · ? 1? ?P ?  © 2? n 1 n  § V2  · ? ? ? V ?  © 1? Q R CP CV Q UA't 1 1 J W cp cv PV1 P2V2 1 n 1  ¦ 1  ¦ W  §V  · ? ? PV ln ? 2 ?  © V1 ? Q ‘ l = loD'T Q = m ‘h Q = m c ‘T ‘U P= Q 2? l't ?  § ro  · ?  « ln ? ?  » ? r ?  ¦  «  ©k i ?  »  «  »  «  »  «  »  ¬ ? 2S rlk ‘t x mcv ‘T F A for all processes Q Q H V AT 4 hA'T 5. 67 x10 8 P Ugh ‘U W OUTPUT 100 INPUT Q V W m2 K 4 K= Q UA't Mean t Mean ? 1 ? 2  §?  · ln ? 1 ? ?  © 2? 2  § V2 V12 m? h2 h1 ? 2  © T1 m h2 h1 S. T. P. = 0 °C and 101. 3 kPa N. T. P. = 15 °C and 101. 3 kPa Cwater = 4200 J/kgK For Air Cp = 1005 J/kgK Cv = 718 J/kgK R = 287 J/kgK ? =1. 4 Q W mc p T2 g z2  · z1 ? ? ? Thermo exam N ovember 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 17 Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 18 National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Thermo exam November 2008 final. doc Version 23-Sep-08 ?Mechanical Consortium Printed 11/04/08 Page 19

Bibliography for History of Fashion

Bibliography Ribeiro, A. , 1995. The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France in 1750 to 1820. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Tarrant, N. , 1994. The Development of Costume. London: Routledge Ribeiro, Aileen, 1983. A Visual History of Costume: The Eighteenth Century. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd. Cunnington, C. Willett, & Cunnington, P, 1972 Revised, A Handbook of English Costume in the 18th Century, Page 14, Northampton: John Dickens & Co. Ltd. Page 32 Kalinsky, N. , 1995. Gainsborough. London: Phaidon Press Ltd. Hayes, J. , 1975.Gainsborough: Paintings and Drawings. London: Phaidon Press Ltd. Solkin, D. H. , 2001. Art on the Line – The Royal Academy Exhibitions at Somerset House 1780 – 1836. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Contini, M. , Laver, J. , Ironside, J. , 1965. Fashion: From Ancient Egypt to the Present Day. London: Paul Hamlyn Ltd. Carter, E. , 1977. The Changing World of Fashion. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Koda, H. , 2003. God dess: The Classical Mode. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Wendors, R. , 1996.Sir Joshua Reynolds: The Painter in Society. Harvard University Press, National Portrait Gallery Publications. Steegman, J. , 1933. Sir Joshua Reynolds. London & Southampton: The Camelot Press Ltd. Penny, N. , 1986. Reynolds. Royal Academy of Arts, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Rosenthal, M. , 1999. The Art of Thomas Gainsborough. New Haven: Yale University. Rosenthal, M. , Myrone, M. , 2002. Gainsborough. London: Tate Publishing. Colley, L. , 1986. The Politics of Eighteenth Century British History, Page 359, in The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct. , 1986, USA: University of Chicago Press. Levy, J. S. 1981. Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Powers, 1495-1975, in The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 25, No. 4, Dec. , 1981 Burnaby, W. 1700. The Reform’d Wife. London: Thomas Bennett. Langford, P. , 1992. A Polite a nd Commercial People: England 1727 – 1783 (New Oxford History of England) Clarenden Press. ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form1853, Sir Joshua Reynolds. In The Illustrated Magazine of Art.Vol. 1, No. 3, 1853. Warner, M. , 1989. The Sources and Meaning of Reynolds's â€Å"Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces†, in Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1989 Francis, J. , 2002. The Three Graces: Composition and Meaning in a Roman Context, in Greece and Rome, Second Series, Vol. 49, No. 2. Joshua Reynolds: The Creation of Celebrity. Ed. Martin Postle. London: Tate Publishing, 2005. Anawalt, P. R. , 2007. The Worldwide History of Dress. New York, New York: Thames ; Hudson Inc.Buchanan, L. , 2007. Sarah Siddons and Her Place in Rhetorical History, in Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric. Vol. 25. , No. 4. Autumn 2007. U niversity of California Press. McPherson, H. , 2000. Picturing Tragedy: Mrs Siddons as the Tragic Muse Revisited, in Eighteenth Century Studies. Vol. 33. , No. 3. , Spring 2000. The Johns Hopkins University Press Weinsheime. J. , 1978. Mrs. Siddons, the Tragic Muse, and the Problem of as in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Critic. Vol. 36. No. 3. Spring 1978

Mahar Arar essay

Mahar Arar essay Mahar Arar essay Mahar Arar What happened to Mahar Arar was the result of neglect and a false justification of the greater good. It is a story that shows us the power of fear and a government’s choice to uphold rights in the name of â€Å"freedom†. Hopefully by discussing the events of Mahar Arar’s imprisonment and torture, citizens and governments alike can revaluate the modern media outlets and never again let something like this be excused. Mahar's story begins in September 2002, on a family trip in Tunis, Tunisia. While there mahar gets an email from his employer The Mathworks, a high tech firm based in Boston. The email is for a job in which he would be needed to assess some consulting work for a client. Mahar accepts and leaves his family early. His flight took him through, Tunis to Zurich, to New York, then Montreal. While in New York waiting for his final flight Mahar is pulled over by immigration and taken aside. A federal agent and officer from the NYPD then question him. The questions were very personal and dealing with his relationships, life, and work. Throughout the interrogation Mahar was denied a lawyer for he was not an American citizen. A main interest of the questions was his relationship with Abdullah Almalki; Mahar only said what he knew stating he knew him through Abdullah’s brother. The interrogators pulled out a copy of his rental agreement from 1997. This completely shocked Mahar as he had completely forgotten about this one time occurrence. Using this to validate the rest of the interrogation the questioners continued for hours. Mahar was then brought to prison where he spent several days. During this time he tried to talk to his wife and a lawyer in order to get out the situation. U.S officials then decided to deport Mahar to Syria for torture, his home country. Syria not wanting anything to do with him denied the U.S. So instead the U.S sent him to Jordan for torture. Mahar spent many months in Jordan being tortured. His cell was like a grave denying him any comfort. During this time Mahar was forced to sign documents placing him in Afghanistan as well as proving his close relations with other susp ected terrorist members. After being beaten for nearly 10 months he was soon moved to another prison where he could at least walk around. While here his release was being negotiated thanks to his wife and Canadian officials. Soon was he was released and returned home. Mahar Arar’s story is one that should be told to almost every person who lets societal pressure and media influence cloud their judgment on the issue of the war on terror. Though honourable in its goals to rid the world of terror and oppression who really suffers as casualties of war? That

Sentence Variety - What It Is and How to Achieve It

Sentence Variety - What It Is and How to Achieve It In a composition, sentence variety refers to the practice of varying the length and structure of sentences to avoid monotony and provide appropriate emphasis. Grammar checkers are of little help with sentence variety, says  Diana Hacker. It takes a human ear to know when and why  sentence variety is  needed (Rules for Writers, 2009). Observations Sentence variety is a means by which the writer helps the reader to understand which ideas are most important, which ideas support or explain other ideas, etc. Variety of sentence structures is also a part of style and voice.(Douglas E. Grudzina and Mary C. Beardsley, Three Simple Truths and Six Essential Traits for Powerful Writing: Book One. Prestwick House, 2006) Thomas S. Kane on Ways to Achieve Sentence Variety Recurrence means repeating a basic sentence pattern. Variety means changing the pattern. Paradoxical as it sounds, good sentence style must do both. Enough sameness must appear in the sentences to make the writing seem all of a piece; enough difference to create interest...Of course, in composing a sentence that differs from others, a writer is more concerned with emphasis than with variety. But if it is usually a by-product, variety is nonetheless important, an essential condition of interesting, readable prose. Let us consider, a few ways in which variety may be attained. Changing Sentence Length and Pattern It is not necessary, or even desirable, to maintain a strict alternation of long and short statements. You need only an occasional brief sentence to change the pace of predominately long ones, or a long sentence now and then in a passage composed chiefly of short ones ...... Used with restraint, fragments ... are a simple way to vary your sentences. They are, however, more at home in a colloquial style than in a formal one. Rhetorical Questions ...  [R]hetorical questions are rarely used for variety alone. Their primary purpose is to emphasize a point or to set up a topic for discussion. Still, whenever they are employed for such ends, they are also a source of variety ... Varied Openings Monotony especially threatens when sentence after sentence begins the same way. It is easy to open with something other than the usual subject and verb: a prepositional phrase; an adverbial clause; a connective like therefore or an adverb like naturally; or, immediately following the subject and splitting it from the verb, a nonrestrictive adjectival construction. . . . Interrupted Movement Interruptionpositioning a modifier or even a second, independent sentence between main elements of a clause so that pauses are required on either side of the intrudernicely varies straightforward movement. (Thomas S. Kane, The New Oxford Guide to Writing. Oxford University Press, 1988) A Strategy for Evaluating Sentence Variety Use the following strategy to review your writing for variety in terms of sentence beginnings, lengths, and types: - In one column on a piece of paper, list the opening words in each of your sentences. Then decide if you need to vary some of your sentence beginnings.- In another column, identify the number of words in each sentence. Then decide if you need to change the lengths of some of your sentences.- In a third column, list the kinds of sentences used (exclamatory, declarative, interrogative, and so on). Then . . . edit your sentences as needed. (Randall VanderMey, Verne Meyer, John Van Rys, and Patrick Sebranek. The College Writer: A Guide to Thinking, Writing, and Researching, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2008) William H. Gasss 282-Word Sentence on Sentence Length and Variety Anyone who looks with care into the good books shall find in them sentences of every length, on every imaginable subject, expressing the entire range of thoughts and feelings possible, in styles both as unified and various as the colors of the spectrum; and sentences that take such notice of the world that the world seems visible in their pages, palpable, too, so a reader might fear to touch those paragraphs concerned with conflagrations or disease or chicanery lest they be victimized, infected, or burned; yet such sentences as make the taste of sweet earth and fresh airthings that seem ordinarily without an odor or at all attractive to the tongueas desirable as wine to sip or lip to kiss or bloom to smell; for instance this observation from a poem of Elizabeth Bishop’s: ‘Greenish-white dogwood infiltrated the wood, each petal burned, apparently, by a cigarette butt’well, she’s right; go lookor this simile for style, composed by Marianne Moore: ‘It is as though the equidistant three tiny arcs of seeds in a banana had been conjoined by Palestrina’peel the fruit, make the cut, scan the score, hear the harpsichord transform these seeds into music (you can eat the banana later); yet also, as you read these innumerable compositions, to find there lines that take such flight from the world that the sight of it is wholly lost, and, as Plato and Plotinus urge, that reach a height where only the features of the spirit, of mind and its dreams, the pure formations of an algebraic absolute, can be made out; for the o’s in the phrase ‘good books’ are like owl’s eyes, watchful and piercing and wise. (William H. Gass, To a Young Friend Charged With Possession of the Classics. A Temple of Texts. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006)

Coorelation between Fate, Identity and Destiny in Mukherjee's Jasmine Essay

Coorelation between Fate, Identity and Destiny in Mukherjee's Jasmine - Essay Example The basic quality needed for an Indian rustic woman to leave for America is well understood by the author and the character is well set beforehand in her motherland. Kanwar Sonali’s (2000) findings that recent women immigrants have been more successful in giving words to their feelings although they too experience the emotional upheaval and the accompanying ordeal of immigration.(Kanwar Sonali Jolly-Wadhwa, 2000) The lead role of the Novel, Jasmine wishes to get away from India to reach America wherein he wants to fulfill the desires of her late husband, Prakash. But her life in America is not as expected by her from her homeland. The force that made her to often change her identity becomes the way of her life abroad. Her relationship with men in America facilitated her to switch from one identity to another. Her identity as Jyoti, as named by her parents, had been squeezed almost to nil by her will. Her husband Prakash called her Jasmine. On landing at America she became Jase and then Jane. Finally, after her relation ship with one Bud, who impregnates her, the novel had been brought to an end at which she leaves with Taylor an intellectual company. Throughout the novel Jasmine had been struggling to fix an imaginary identity which she had been chasing right from her youth. In the words of Anu Anejha, Jasmine abandons her promise of domestic security to be carried off. (Anu Aneja, 1993) Her vigor for controlling her fate sprouts from her early youth when a local rustic astrologer foretold her widowhood. The fury with which she refuted him reveals her strong will to win her fate. She simply shouted at him that he did not know her future. It was this vigor that sent her to America even after her widowhood in India. The impact of death on human beings is laid intelligently by the author as a stink that emerges at any time of its own will. The